{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:15:47Z","timestamp":1788254147494,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Numer Methods Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The air flows in the proximal and distal portions of the human lungs are interconnected: the lower Reynolds number in the deeper generations causes a progressive flow regularization, but mass conservation requires flow rate oscillations to propagate through the airway bifurcations. To explain how these competing effects shape the flow state in the deeper generations, we have performed the first high\u2010fidelity numerical simulation of the air flow in a lung model that includes 23 successive bifurcations of a single planar airway. Turbulence modeling or assumptions on flow regimes are not required. The chosen flow rate is steady on average, and representative of the peak inspiratory flow reached by adult patients breathing through therapeutic inhalers. As expected, advection becomes progressively less important after each bifurcation, until a time\u2010dependent Stokes regime governed solely by viscous diffusion is established in the smallest generations. However, fluctuations in this regime are relatively fast and large with respect to the mean flow, which is in contrast with the commonly agreed picture that only the breathing frequency is relevant at the scale of the alveoli. We demonstrate that the characteristic frequency and amplitude of these fluctuations are linked to the flow in the upper part of the bronchial tree, as they originate from the time\u2010dependent flow splitting in the upper bifurcations. Even though these fluctuations are observed here in an idealized, rigid lung model, our findings suggest that the assumptions usually adopted in many of the current lung models might need to be revised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.70208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T06:37:27Z","timestamp":1787380647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Direct Numerical Simulations of Inhalation in a 23\u2010Generation Lung Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-8460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Atzori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Science and Technology Politecnico di Milano  Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8547-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Gallorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Science and Technology Politecnico di Milano  Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciro","family":"Cottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiesi Farmaceutici S.P.A.  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