{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:49:31Z","timestamp":1791614971230,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004055","name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN26050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN26050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Numer Methods Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prosthetic foot design remains relatively rudimentary, as high\u2010strength materials such as metals and carbon\u2010fiber composites limit fabrication methods and design freedom. Conventional approaches rely on size optimization of simple geometries, which do not fully capture anatomical boundaries or natural force transmission through the foot. Here, we adopt an initial design domain derived from the side profile of an actual human leg, providing a more anatomically consistent and patient\u2010specific basis for topology optimization. We present a fully automated, open\u2010source framework for prosthetic foot design that incorporates ISO 10328 boundary conditions to ensure reliability. Topology optimization is used to determine the optimal material distribution, followed by geometry smoothing for 3D printing. A key outcome is a universal design curve obtained through nondimensionalization: , linking material stiffness, foot size, and patient weight. This enables direct design selection without rerunning optimization for each patient, cutting out design time and cost. Overall, the framework provides a fast, scalable approach to personalized prosthetic design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.70222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:18:16Z","timestamp":1791613096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Open\u2010Source Topology Optimization Framework for\n                    <scp>ISO<\/scp>\n                    10328\u2010Compliant, Image\u2010Driven Prosthetic Foot Design"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5885-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekrem","family":"Ekici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Biosystems and Machines King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals  Dhahran Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3070-4215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Dalaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Biosystems and Machines King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals  Dhahran Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Bioengineering Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals  Dhahran Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"The SACH (Solid\u2010Ankle Cushion\u2010Heel) Foot","volume":"11","author":"Staros A.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Orthopedic and Prosthetic Appliance Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/1025584021000048974","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis as a Tool for Parametric Prosthetic Foot Design and Evaluation. 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