{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:20:10Z","timestamp":1792513210964,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA098180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA098180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA167833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA167833"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA192662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA192662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES009089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES009089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prior ecologic studies suggest that UV exposure through sunlight to the retina might contribute to increased retinoblastoma incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study objectives were (1) to examine the relationship between exposure to sunlight during postnatal retinal development (prior to diagnosis of sporadic disease) and the risk of retinoblastoma, and (2) to examine the relationship between sun exposure during postnatal retinal development, and the extent of disease among children with unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We interviewed 511 mothers in the EpiRbMx case\u2010control study about their child's exposure to sunlight during postnatal retinal cell division by examining three time periods prior to Rtb diagnosis coinciding with developmental stages in which outdoor activities vary. Weekly sun exposure was compared by age period, between unilateral (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0259), bilateral (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0120), and control (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0132) children, accounting for two factors affecting UV exposure: residential elevation and reported use of coverings to shield eyes. For cases, association between sunlight exposure and clinical stage was examined by laterality at each age period. After adjusting for maternal education and elevation, sun exposure was lower in cases than controls in all three age periods especially during the first 6\u00a0months, and in children 12\u201323\u2009months whose mothers did not cover their eyes when outdoors. In children diagnosed after 12\u2009months of age, sun exposure during the second year of life (age 12\u201323\u2009months) appeared inversely correlated (r\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.25) with more advanced intraocular disease in bilateral Rtb children after adjusting for maternal education, residential elevation, and age of diagnosis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.09) consistent with effects of Vitamin D exposure on intraocular spread in earlier transgenic murine models of retinoblastoma, and suggesting potential chemopreventive strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sun exposure in early childhood is protective for retinoblastoma and may decrease degree of intraocular spread in children with bilateral Rtb.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T23:20:37Z","timestamp":1620516037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sunlight exposure in infancy decreases risk of sporadic retinoblastoma, extent of intraocular disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7385-7561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Orjuela\u2010Grimm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation) Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Bhatt","family":"Carre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambar","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco A.","family":"Ramirez Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina Romero","family":"Rendon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social Hospital de Pediatria  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma Citlali Lara","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Hinojosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita O'","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science Columbia University Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola Mejia","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacion de Nutricion y Salud Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica  Cuernavaca Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Veronica Ponce","family":"Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social Hospital de Pediatria  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Cabrera\u2010Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"SEER Cancer Statistics Review","author":"Howlader NNA","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.4.820"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Retinoblastoma","author":"Lohmann DR","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89072-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"International Incidence of Childhood Cancer","author":"Parkin DM","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24799"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11123-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Steliarova\u2010FoucherE ColombetM RiesLAG et al.Indicators of data quality Lyon France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.2017.http:\/\/iicc.iarc.fr\/results\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-7-68"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.6716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Learning about Retinoblastoma from Mouse Models that Missed. Animal Models of Brain Tumors","author":"Cobrinik D","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6606015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-1316"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"5730","article-title":"Pre\u2010 and postconception factors associated with sporadic heritable and nonheritable retinoblastoma","volume":"49","author":"Bunin GR","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050168"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-012-0034-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0427"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-101062"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"7129","article-title":"Occupations of parents of children with retinoblastoma: a report from the children's cancer study group","volume":"50","author":"Bunin GR","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt129"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12332-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104404"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"4010","article-title":"Presence of human papilloma virus in tumor tissue from children with retinoblastoma: an alternative mechanism for tumor development","volume":"6","author":"Orjuela M","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2003.00112.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-1069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2017.1338802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohc.2004.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2-1-1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20606"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Solar exposure time for sunburn in Mexican population","volume":"148","author":"Castanedo Cazares JP","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"Consulta de C\u00f3digos Post\u00e1les 2020b [updated August 13 2020.https:\/\/www.correosdemexico.gob.mx."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","unstructured":"ESRI. ArcGis Terrain version 10.7 Redlands CA USA2020a.https:\/\/desktop.arcgis.com\/en\/arcmap\/latest\/extensions\/production-mapping\/creating-elevation-points-from-dems.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510002138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e50"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","first-page":"2354","article-title":"The antineoplastic effect of vitamin D in transgenic mice with retinoblastoma","volume":"33","author":"Albert DM","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/opge.23.3.137.7883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.893504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.11.020"}],"container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.1409","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cnr2.1409","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.1409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T08:14:51Z","timestamp":1693210491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cnr2.1409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cnr2.1409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnr2.1409","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-8348","2573-8348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-8348","type":"print"},{"value":"2573-8348","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1409"}}