{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:38:25Z","timestamp":1791949105197,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breast cancer has become a concerning health problem worldwide due to its increasing incidence rate. Women from developing countries are dying off due to the lack of knowledge on breast cancer and its different early detection programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explores the level of knowledge about breast cancer risk factors, early warning signs, screening, and therapeutic approaches and their influential determinants among university and medical college students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted, including 567 female university\u2010level students (343 female students from 1 university and 224 female students from 1 medical college). This study used a semi\u2010structured questionnaire about four aspects (risk factors, early warning signs, screening, and therapeutic approaches) of breast cancer, latent class analysis (LCA), and latent class regression (LCR) for investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percent of knowing correct answers of risk factors, early warning signs, screening approaches, and therapeutic methods were 86.3%, 69.8%, 70.2%, and 51.2%, respectively for medical students who had a high level of awareness and those for university students were 73.0%, 66.8%, 35.9%, and 24.7%. On the other hand, only 37.95% of medical students had been practicing Breast self\u2010examination (BSE), while it was 18.37% for university students. The most effective predictors of the high level of awareness were age, advertisements (ad) promoting awareness about breast cancer, programs\/campaign related to breast cancer, and personal breast problem history.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, the awareness level about four aspects of breast cancer is low among university students and is moderately high among medical students. Therefore, relevant health education programs in every educational institute are urgently needed to improve the awareness levels among female students to improve women's health at home and abroad.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T06:39:42Z","timestamp":1644043182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Awareness levels of breast cancer among female university and medical college students in Sylhet city of Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8102-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mst. Farzana","family":"Akter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Shahjalal University of Science and Technology  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2336-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ohid","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Shahjalal University of Science and Technology  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Worldwide cancer data. World Cancer Research Fund 2018. Available from:https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/dietandcancer\/cancer-trends\/worldwide-cancer-data."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Global Cancer Observatory 2019. Available from:http:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7330-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Study forecasts new breast cancer cases by 2030 \u2010 National Cancer Institute 2015. Available from:https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/news-events\/cancer-currents-blog\/2015\/breast-forecast."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/ajmbr.v5i4.45262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/595167"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"WHO supports early detection and control of cervical and breast cancer in Bangladesh 2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/bangladesh\/news\/detail\/10-11-2020-who-supports-early-detection-and-control-of-cervical-and-breast-cancer-in-bangladesh."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.10.1245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.188433"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/306352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"Risk factors. National Breast Cancer Foundation 2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.nationalbreastcancer.org\/breast-cancer-risk-factors\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"KhatibOMN ModjtabaiA. Guidelines for the early detection and screening of breast cancer. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean 2006. Available from:https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/119805."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06524-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-017-0908-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9750-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"The risks of not breastfeeding for mothers and infants","volume":"2","author":"Stuebe A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-200206000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.8-4-326"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Diet and risk of breast cancer","volume":"20","author":"Kotepui M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contemp Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Breast self\u2010exam. National Breast Cancer Foundation 2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.nationalbreastcancer.org\/breast-self-exam\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"Clinical breast exam. National Breast Cancer Foundation 2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.nationalbreastcancer.org\/clinical-breast-exam\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"Mammogram. National Breast Cancer Foundation 2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.nationalbreastcancer.org\/mammogram\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"Breast cancer diagnosis. National Breast Cancer Foundation 2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.nationalbreastcancer.org\/breast-cancer-diagnosis\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"Breast cancer | Breast cancer information & overview. American Cancer Society 2019. Available from:https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/breast-cancer.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257271"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317697812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-442"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-014-0722-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.13.5243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1997.12102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/16.1.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/abcr.2015.41002"},{"issue":"70","key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","article-title":"Breast cancer knowledge and awareness among university students in Angola","volume":"11","author":"Sambanje MN","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/ejbh.2018.4048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes to breast cancer and breast self examination among female undergraduates in a state in Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Salaudeen AG","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604668"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2006.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1447-056X-7-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.16.6863"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.23.10157"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Breast cancer knowledge, risk factors and screening among adult Saudi women in a primary health care setting","volume":"10","author":"Amin TT","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"494","volume-title":"An Introduction to Sampling Methods: Theory and Applications","author":"Islam MN","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2058-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07583-w"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Breast self\u2010examination and risk factors of breast cancer: awareness of jordanian nurses","volume":"7","author":"Hadayat A","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Sci J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/101053959100500409"}],"container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.1608","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cnr2.1608","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.1608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T01:42:40Z","timestamp":1692668560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cnr2.1608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cnr2.1608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnr2.1608","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-8348","2573-8348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-8348","type":"print"},{"value":"2573-8348","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1608"}}