{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:54:46Z","timestamp":1776725686650,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bladder cancer, one of the most prevalent cancers globally, can be regarded as considerable morbidity and mortality for patients. The bladder is an organ that comes in constant exposure to the environment and other risk factors such as inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the current study, we used machine learning (ML) methods and developed risk prediction models for bladder cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This population\u2010based case\u2013control study is focused on 692 cases of bladder cancer and 692 healthy people. The ML, including Neural Network (NN), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Naive Bayes (NB), Gradient Boosting (GB), and Logistic Regression (LR), were applied, and the model performance was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The RF (AUC\u2009=\u2009.86, precision\u2009=\u200979%) had the best performance, and the RT (AUC\u2009=\u2009.78, precision\u2009=\u200973%) was in the next rank. Based on variable importance analysis in RF, recurrent infection, bladder stone history, neurogenic bladder, smoking and opium use, chronic renal failure, spinal cord paralysis, analgesic, family history of bladder cancer, diabetic mellitus, low dietary intake of fruit and vegetable, high dietary intake of ham, sausage, can and pickles were respectively the most important factors, which effect on the probability of bladder cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Machine learning approaches can predict the probability of bladder cancer according to medical history, occupational risk factors, and dietary and demographical characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T10:04:34Z","timestamp":1688551474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lifestyle and occupational risks assessment of bladder cancer using machine learning\u2010based prediction models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Naser","family":"Shakhssalim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology and Nephrology Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad\u2010Taha","family":"Pahlevan\u2010Fallahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasra","family":"Sotoodeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students' Scientific Research 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