{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T03:30:03Z","timestamp":1774323003942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The major burden of cervical cancer occurs in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. In Ghana, it is the second most common cancer among women. Infection with high\u2010risk human papilloma virus (HPV) has been established as the cause of cervical cancer. As such, it is important to identify risk factors that may affect progression from HPV infection to cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed the risk factors assocaited with cervical cancer in Ghana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the risk factors for cervical cancer, we conducted an unmatched case\u2013control study in two hospitals in Ghana where most cervical cancer cases are diagnosed. Women with histologically confirmed cervical cancer were the cases, whereas women without cancer seeking care at the two hospitals were controls. A structured questionnaire was administered to the women, after which cervical samples were sent for HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 206 cases and 230 controls were recruited. After adjusting for possible confounders, women with the highest educational level had a significantly lower risk of cervical cancer than those with no or little formal education. Parity was a major risk factor (odd ratio [OR] for five or more children\u2009=\u20097.9; 95% CI: 2.3\u201327.6), with risk increasing with increasing parity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>for trend &lt;0.001). Women reporting the use of a homemade sanitary towel during menstruation also had an increased risk of cervical cancer compared with women who used a pad (OR: 7.3; 95% CI: 2.5\u201322.0).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this Ghanaian population, high parity and poor personal hygienic conditions were the main contributing factors to the risk of cervical cancer after adjustment for the presence of high\u2010risk HPV genotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.2124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T08:24:41Z","timestamp":1718958281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer in<scp>Ghana<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9876-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Nartey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Ghana Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwabena","family":"Amo\u2010Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &amp; Technology\/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip\u00a0C.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward\u00a0T.","family":"Dassah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &amp; Technology\/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard\u00a0H.","family":"Asmah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Health &amp; Allied Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences Ho Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kofi\u00a0M.","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Department Ghana Health Service Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramatu","family":"Agambire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Garden City University College Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas\u00a0O.","family":"Konney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &amp; Technology\/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Yarney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Damale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2135-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Adam Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today","author":"Ferlay J. 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