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Current studies have been investigating the growth factors more than other biologic tumor features, such as neurobiologic features. Here in this review, we highlight the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in cancer development with their context\u2010dependent activation and downstream effectors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some nAChR subtypes stimulate tumorigenic pathways, EGFR\/ERK1\/2, PI3K\/AKT, and MAPK, with varying responses based on the receptor subtype and tissue type. Notably, the Src kinase and MAPK pathways are common downstream effectors in lung, breast, and prostate cancers despite the variations in the predominant nAChR subunits in each cancer: \u03b17 in lung, \u03b19 in breast, and likely \u03b15 and \u03b17 in prostate tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the importance of targeting nAChRs in a context\u2010specific manner to modulate shared signaling pathways, particularly the acetylcholine\u2010stimulated Src\/MAPK pathway. This review also calls for more investigation on other neurotransmitters and potential common pathways, as implicated by psychological reports, to advance the understanding of cancer biology and therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.70387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T01:56:30Z","timestamp":1762912590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Pathways in Cancer: From Psychiatric Clues to Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Azadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Cellular and Molecular Sciences College of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University  Tehran 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