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The most common gynecological cancers are ovarian, cervical, uterine\/endometrial, vaginal, and vulvar cancer. Women's reproductive organs have a dynamic and relative microbial balance. The disruption in the balance of the microbiome could result in numerous gynecological diseases, as well as, gynecological cancers. In this study, we aimed to review new findings on the role of different bacterial infections in various types of gynecological cancers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The role of bacterial infection, as an external factor, has been established in several cancers. However, the ways in which bacteria can promote the development of cancer are not fully understood. It seems that inflammation induced by bacterial infections could promote carcinogenesis. In addition, bacterial toxins and effector proteins play important roles in the progression of cancer. In this review, we attempt to present the different bacterial infections, which have been linked to gynecological cancers development. According to different researches,\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. are the most common bacterial infections associated with gynecological cancers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluation of microbiome in reproductive organs of the patients with gynecological cancer and studies on prevention and control of the infections in the patients could be useful in verification of pathogenesis of the diseases and also founding suitable therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.70499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T03:42:41Z","timestamp":1776051761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial Infections Role in Gynecological Cancers Development: Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8722-6093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robab","family":"Azargun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Maragheh University of Medical Sciences  Maragheh Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6581-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Azargoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Knowledge and Information Science Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3176-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Asefy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Maragheh University of Medical Sciences  Maragheh Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Yekani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Health Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3018-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahideh","family":"Tarhriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2151-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Yeganeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, School of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0328-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Yousef","family":"Memar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-6512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirin","family":"Eyvazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Mayo Clinic  Phoenix Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042237"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2023-004894"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62146-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2016.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116487"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1411"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2023.13739"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104418"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087173"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1059825"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-024-00573-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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