{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:02:22Z","timestamp":1779894142253,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The composition of the oral and intestinal microbiota is believed to contribute to the development of oral cancer (OC). The chronic activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has been linked to the aggressive nature and poor prognosis of various cancers. Therefore, targeting PRRs has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer prevention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aims<\/jats:title>\n \n To investigate the effects of\n \n Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n LP<\/jats:italic>\n ) and\n \n Lactobacillus casei<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n LC<\/jats:italic>\n ) on downstream signaling pathways of\n CLRs<\/jats:italic>\n in a rat model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In this study, we divided 35 rats into five groups: healthy control, cancer control, treated with live LP, treated with killed\n LP<\/jats:italic>\n , and treated with live\n LC<\/jats:italic>\n . Our investigation focused on gene expression of\n TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n DC\u2010SIGN<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n NF\u2010\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n BCL2<\/jats:italic>\n in healthy and cancer control groups. We established a 4NQO\u2010induced rat tongue carcinogenesis model and administered probiotic lactobacilli as a treatment. Subsequently, we re\u2010evaluated the expression of the\n TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n DC\u2010SIGN<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n NF\u2010\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n BCL2<\/jats:italic>\n genes. The antibacterial activity of both LP and LC was confirmed using the disk diffusion antibiogram method. Histopathological analysis confirmed the onset of OSCC. Expression of\n the NF\u2010\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n BCL2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n DC\u2010SIGN<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n genes was significantly increased in the 4NQO treatment group compared with the control group. Our findings indicate that live and killed\n LP<\/jats:italic>\n and live\n LC<\/jats:italic>\n significantly reduced the expression of the\n NF\u2010\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n BCL2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n DC\u2010SIGN<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n genes in cancerous rats compared with healthy rats.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Our findings suggest that the administration of\n LP<\/jats:italic>\n and\n LC<\/jats:italic>\n probiotics may be a promising therapeutic approach for OSCC. The\n LP<\/jats:italic>\n and\n LC<\/jats:italic>\n can activate the\n NF\u2010\u0138B<\/jats:italic>\n signaling cascade by modulating the expression of\n TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n and\n DC\u2010SIGN<\/jats:italic>\n genes. However, further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects and determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.70505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T12:18:57Z","timestamp":1778847537000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Activation of the\n NF\u2010\u0138B<\/i>\n Signaling Pathway by\n Lactobacillus plantarum<\/i>\n and\n Lactobacillus casei<\/i>\n Through Modulation of\n TLR4<\/i>\n and\n DC\u2010SIGN<\/i>\n Genes in an Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vahideh","family":"Faghanizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University Damghan 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Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahdi","family":"Forghanifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biology, Damghan Branch Islamic Azad University Damghan 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