{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T19:40:50Z","timestamp":1786390850430,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hematologic disorders, including sickle cell disease, anemias, hemoglobinopathies, leukemias, lymphomas, and bleeding disorders, constitute a substantial and growing burden of morbidity and mortality across Africa. Structural health system constraints\u2014limited diagnostic capacity, shortages of trained hematology specialists, fragmented blood transfusion services, and inequitable access to essential medicines\u2014continue to drive delayed diagnosis, suboptimal treatment, and poor outcomes. Despite these challenges, recent years have witnessed important advances in laboratory strengthening, point\u2010of\u2010care diagnostics, access to targeted therapies, and innovative service delivery models. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on diagnostic and therapeutic gaps in hematology care in Africa and examines emerging strategies aimed at strengthening equitable, sustainable, and context\u2010appropriate care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent initiatives demonstrate measurable progress in several domains. Expansion of point\u2010of\u2010care testing and regional laboratory networks has improved early diagnosis of sickle cell disease and hematologic malignancies in countries such as Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda. Access to essential therapies, including hydroxyurea for sickle cell disease and tyrosine kinase inhibitors for chronic myeloid leukemia, has improved through national insurance schemes and international partnerships in settings such as Ghana and Nigeria, although coverage remains uneven. Innovations in blood transfusion services, including drone\u2010assisted delivery in Rwanda and strengthened voluntary donation programs in Kenya and Nigeria, have reduced delays in emergency transfusion for severe anemia. Capacity\u2010building initiatives supported by international collaborations and professional societies have expanded continuing medical education, teleconsultation, and subspecialty training; however, workforce shortages, supply chain vulnerabilities, and financial barriers persist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transforming hematology care in Africa requires coordinated, system\u2010level strategies that integrate diagnostic strengthening, equitable access to essential therapies, resilient blood transfusion services, workforce development, and digital health innovations. While country\u2010level experiences demonstrate that targeted investments and international collaborations can yield tangible improvements, sustainable progress will depend on stronger health system financing, regional manufacturing and procurement mechanisms, regulatory support, and context\u2010sensitive implementation research. A deliberate shift from fragmented, disease\u2010specific interventions toward integrated, patient\u2010centered hematology care frameworks is essential to reduce preventable morbidity and mortality and to advance equitable cancer and blood disorder outcomes across the continent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.70602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:49:55Z","timestamp":1781092195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunotherapy 3.0: Breakthroughs Steering the Next Generation of Cancer Control"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4538-0161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Ifeanyi","family":"Obeagu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science Africa University  Mutare Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_20_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14216\/kjco.24009"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032\u2010025\u201003042\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.ABSTRACT_74\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929\u2010022\u201000879\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672\u2010025\u201003324\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc\u20102025\u2010011761"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216537"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045\u2010025\u201001701\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d5sc06176h"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.954992"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935\u2010025\u201003938\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1615212"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364\u2010023\u201000537\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17186"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.794183"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1675807"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010051116\u2010052302"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17172917"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201020\u20103770"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2014.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095\u20103941.2023.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70412"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2023.2208344"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1218082"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/cdr.2025.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1472772"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010101921\u2010044122"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1632435"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101487"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101478"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2407.07004"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522\u2010025\u201000819\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12597"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929\u2010025\u201001117\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70733"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751\u20107915.70027"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748251349919"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1517959"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1677548"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045\u2010024\u201001634\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943\u2010025\u201002477\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.890166"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1452812"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201063377\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202501565"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12284"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17183027"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00888"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277\u2010026\u201006742\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101931"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943\u2010025\u201002390\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698\u2010025\u201000933\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44446\u2010025\u201000055\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14163878"}],"container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.70602","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cnr2.70602","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.70602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T19:13:39Z","timestamp":1786389219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cnr2.70602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cnr2.70602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnr2.70602","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-8348","2573-8348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-8348","type":"print"},{"value":"2573-8348","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70602"}}