{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:00:13Z","timestamp":1785304813245,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five years after the emergence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and the declaration of the COVID\u201019 pandemic, the long\u2010term implications of COVID\u201019 for cancer biology remain incompletely understood. Beyond the major disruptions in cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment observed worldwide, increasing attention has focused on whether SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and post\u2010acute sequelae of COVID\u201019 (Long COVID) may induce persistent biological alterations relevant to tumor progression or recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence does not support SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 as a classical oncogenic virus or demonstrate direct viral carcinogenesis. However, experimental, transcriptomic, and clinical studies suggest that SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection can induce persistent inflammatory and immune alterations that overlap with pathways implicated in cancer biology. Among the most consistently reported findings are chronic activation of IL\u20106\/STAT3 and NF\u2010\u03baB signaling, immune dysregulation, T\u2010cell exhaustion, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and senescence\u2010associated inflammatory programs. Additional proposed mechanisms include perturbation of tumor suppressor pathways, epigenetic remodeling, and microRNA alterations involving the let\u20107\/LIN28B\/STAT3 axis. Experimental models have further suggested that inflammatory remodeling induced by respiratory viral infection may influence dormant tumor cell behavior and tissue microenvironments under defined conditions. However, many of these observations derive from in\u00a0vitro systems, animal models, or association studies, and their long\u2010term relevance to human oncogenesis remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, current evidence supports the existence of convergent biological mechanisms between SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2013induced inflammatory stress responses and pathways involved in cancer progression, rather than direct oncogenic transformation. Future longitudinal studies integrating immune profiling, inflammatory biomarkers, transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses, and clinical cancer outcomes will be essential to determine whether persistent post\u2010infectious alterations contribute to tumor progression, recurrence, or susceptibility in selected patient populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.70629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1784963338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 and Cancer Biology: Exploring the Mechanistic Links"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8472-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Orue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Tumores. Centro de Microbiolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas. IVIC  Caracas Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8111-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Tumores. Centro de Microbiolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas. IVIC  Caracas Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor Rafael","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular. Centro de Microbiolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas. IVIC  Caracas Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13493"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100464"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013574.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2020.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654\u2010022\u201000946\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144058"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34758"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964\u2010024\u201001818\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.13445"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885\u2010023\u201011795\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac722"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.698169"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010021\u201001113\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab465"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010022\u201003346\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010022\u201000846\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296\u2010022\u201005146\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1599352"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17233867"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc\u20102022\u20100027"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01516\u201024"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1415885"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201054996\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13431"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1458383"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111648"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534\u2010024\u201000596\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011041"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2024.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2238579"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2022.108411.2022;789:108411"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580\u2010020\u20100257\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010075"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060806"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010019\u20100558\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159\u20108290.CD\u201021\u20101059"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603435113"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000289"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582783"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201006651\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314426"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076371"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_18_49_1","first-page":"831","article-title":"Inflammation in COVID\u201019: From Pathogenesis to Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Wong R. S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01531\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00459"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203560"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2021.100399"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.584637"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587\u2010022\u201000170\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2p53021\u20100205LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13237"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148\u2010022\u201001313\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201029801\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108728"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178432"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201009332\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092415"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555\u2010021\u201010017\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000713"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1018761"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/358015a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040739"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8010071"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113478"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102807"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.07012-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0678-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010cancerbio\u2010070120\u2010090423"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201012\u20100977"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021157"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.17.7423\u20107431.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102752"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.654709"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277\u2010014\u20102372\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201048055\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0075-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276\u2010020\u20100380\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010021\u201000762\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1449423"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44298\u2010024\u201000018\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14100994"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2038021"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009759"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310992"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02094-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2096"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885\u2010019\u20105951\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2317"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci\u20102024\u20100066"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.32288"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672\u2010025\u201003403\u20104"}],"container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.70629","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cnr2.70629","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.70629","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:14:42Z","timestamp":1785302082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cnr2.70629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cnr2.70629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnr2.70629","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-8348","2573-8348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-8348","type":"print"},{"value":"2573-8348","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70629"}}