{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:35:51Z","timestamp":1793162151364,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20251835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20251835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007166","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX23_3419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_3419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007166","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX24_3593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX24_3593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007166","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX25_3797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX25_3797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007166","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX25_3789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX25_3789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major global health burden characterized by substantial heterogeneity in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), has been increasingly investigated for the analysis of endoscopic images, radiological scans, whole\u2010slide pathology images, molecular profiles, liquid\u2010biopsy data, and multimodal clinical datasets. This structured review summarizes recent AI\u2010based developments in GC diagnosis, staging, prognostic assessment, and treatment\u2010response prediction, with particular emphasis on the translational maturity of the available evidence. PubMed\/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant English\u2010language publications from database inception through January 2026. Eligible studies were evaluated according to clinical task, data modality, model type, cohort size, study design, validation strategy, interpretability, clinical workflow readiness, and reported limitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent AI models have demonstrated promising performance in selected research settings, particularly in endoscopic image analysis, computational pathology, CT\u2010based radiomics, and multimodal prognostic modeling. However, most studies remain retrospective, single\u2010center, and internally validated. Calibration, robustness, prospective clinical utility, and generalizability across populations and institutions remain insufficiently assessed. Major barriers to translation include data heterogeneity, annotation variability, overfitting, data leakage, external validation failure, algorithmic bias, regulatory requirements, reimbursement, clinician\u2010AI interaction, medicolegal responsibility, post\u2010deployment monitoring, and model drift.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI has considerable potential to support GC diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning, but most current models remain insufficiently validated for routine clinical use. Future progress will depend on transparent reporting, standardized validation, multicenter prospective trials, clinically meaningful endpoints, and the integration of explainable, trustworthy AI systems into routine clinical workflows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.70665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:32:36Z","timestamp":1791451956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence in Gastric Cancer: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Developments, Evidence Maturity, and Translational Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3473-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University  Nantong Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Nantong University Affiliated Dongtai Hospital  Yancheng Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weisong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Nantong Rehabilitation Hospital  Nantong City Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University  Nantong Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University  Nantong Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuebing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University  Nantong Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3372-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingbing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University  Nantong Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Nantong University Affiliated Dongtai Hospital  Yancheng Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120\u2010022\u201001331\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(20)31288\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13480"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3850"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(10)61121\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)31827\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)00797\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010020\u20101034\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56740"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109243"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.36408"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120\u2010023\u201001398\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2056\u20104538.70049"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010024\u201006017\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201015702\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16152664"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244\u2010024\u201001844\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644\u2010025\u201000891\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000001673"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880\u2010025\u201001577\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010019\u201006621\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201011427\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.01.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl20318"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a\u20102031\u20100691"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2021.06.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101366"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14236000"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2024.502265"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.70132"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.860701"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014\u2010024\u201009516\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13184687"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/GTZZ9726"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000\u20109604.2025.04.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1606938"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1510742"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17071225"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278\u2010024\u201001172\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120\u2010025\u201001658\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202508190"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.541570"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12092162"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyaf075"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v15.i8.1033"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10815589231179927"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.46494"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307\u2010025\u201002019\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.882786"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v16.i7.3011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15010028"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19179"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205158"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880\u2010025\u201001569\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.836098"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2023.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo\u201024\u2010670"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010023\u201009854\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876\u2010023\u201002737\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1630628"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9980410"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261\u2010024\u201004331\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.6762"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102242"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419\u2010022\u201005118\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120\u2010025\u201001628\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/SKZE1345"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15437"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2020.75.5.264"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.759013"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201061258\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v16.i7.2960"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201002168\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010025\u201007416\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244\u2010025\u201002050\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261\u2010022\u201003507\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1370031"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201006424\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34381"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179767"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201082233\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120\u2010025\u201001648\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095\u20103941.2020.0089"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885\u2010021\u201009065\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672\u2010024\u201001591\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2024.101080"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1440046"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2023.10.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf283"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70153"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.23528"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073\u2010021\u201000826\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388\u2010023\u201002599\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2024.130566"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010022\u201001431\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/MTBM7462"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010025\u201006428\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2025.0966"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6163"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010198"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00258\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2024AO0508"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1420517"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201067892\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.90829"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867331666230913105829"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006577"}],"container-title":["Cancer Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.70665","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cnr2.70665","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnr2.70665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:01:53Z","timestamp":1793160113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cnr2.70665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cnr2.70665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnr2.70665","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-8348","2573-8348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-8348","type":"print"},{"value":"2573-8348","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70665"}}