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This study aimed to identify distinct ASD biotypes and uncover their neurobiological underpinnings using a novel graph\u2010based subtyping approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resting\u2010state fMRI and clinical data from 443 males with ASD (17.22\u2009\u00b1\u20098.63\u2009years) were analyzed. We proposed a population graph\u2010based dual autoencoder for subtyping (PG\u2010DAS), a deep clustering framework that integrates imaging data and nonimaging data to extract deep features for biotype identification. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare clinical scores and functional connectivity patterns between biotypes. Correlation analyses examined the associations between intra\u2010 and internetwork connectivity and clinical symptoms. Predictive modeling using support vector regression assessed the ability of network connectivity to predict clinical scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two distinct ASD biotypes were identified. ASD1 exhibited significantly lower clinical scores and reduced network integration, characterized by weaker intra\u2010 and internetwork connectivity, particularly in core networks such as the cingulo\u2010opercular network, linked to communication symptom scores. In contrast, ASD2 exhibited greater network segregation, with internetwork connectivity in sensorimotor\u2010related networks correlating with total symptom scores. Predictive modeling further revealed biotype\u2010specific brain\u2010behavior associations, with ASD1 and ASD2 showing positive correlations with social and communication scores, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study underscores the critical role of biotype\u2010specific brain network patterns in understanding ASD heterogeneity. The proposed PG\u2010DAS framework proved effective in ASD subtyping and holds promise for broader applications in exploring other neuroheterogeneous disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T06:01:17Z","timestamp":1764828077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subtyping Autism Spectrum Disorder With a Population Graph\u2010Based Dual Autoencoder: Revealing Two Distinct Biotypes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0713-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinwei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of big Data Intelligent Computing Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guomei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Chongqing University Cancer Hospital  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital Army Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder","author":"Thom R. 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