{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:45:40Z","timestamp":1792701940072,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the influence of anesthesia with propofol on epileptic discharges recorded by stereo\u2010electroencephalography (SEEG) during pediatric epilepsy surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 30 pediatric patients (aged 2\u201314\u2009years) undergoing epilepsy surgery between June 2022 and November 2023. SEEG recordings were obtained under different states of consciousness: awake, sleep, and anesthesia. We analyzed the power spectral density (PSD) across frequency bands and quantified the number of interictal spikes and high\u2010frequency oscillations (HFO) including ripples and fast ripples (FRs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a significant reduction in the number of spikes, particularly within the seizure onset zone (SOZ), while ripples and FRs increased under general anesthesia, but the extent of the increase did not differ between the SOZ and other detected brain regions (NSOZ). Analysis of PSD showed increased energy during anesthesia, particularly in high\u2010frequency bands. Meanwhile, no statistical differences were observed in energy changes between the SOZ and NSOZ when compared to wakefulness or sleep. HFOs emerged as more robust and consistent interictal biomarkers for localizing the SOZ under propofol anesthesia, particularly in the frontal cortex and cingulate cortex, and were not influenced by age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General anesthesia with propofol significantly affects the number and frequency of epileptic discharges, particularly by reducing spikes while increasing HFOs. Notably, HFOs\u2014particularly in the frontal and cingulate cortices\u2014emerged as reliable biomarkers for delineating the SOZ and guiding surgical resections. Furthermore, no significant age\u2010related variability was identified, supporting the applicability of intra\u2010operative electroencephalography in pediatric epilepsy surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:24:19Z","timestamp":1769505859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Anesthesia With Propofol on Epileptic Discharges Recorded by Stereo\u2010Electroencephalography in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6619-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Neurosurgery, National Center for Children's Health of China Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children Ministry of Education  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Neurosurgery, National Center for Children's Health of China Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gnosis Neurodynamics Co. 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