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GFAP and NLRP3 levels were measured by ELISA. MRI markers of small vessel disease\u2014including white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, perivascular spaces, and microbleeds\u2014were evaluated. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and functional outcome by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3\u2009months. Associations were analyzed using correlation, regression, and mediation analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 108 RSSI patients and 47 controls were included (mean age 57.9\u2009\u00b1\u200910.5\u2009years; 64.1% male). RSSI patients had significantly higher plasma GFAP and NLRP3 levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Both proteins were inversely associated with total MoCA scores and cognitive subdomains, but not with 3\u2010month mRS. GFAP and NLRP3 correlated positively with periventricular WMH (PWMH). Mediation analysis showed that PWMH accounted for 23.88%\u201328.10% of the association between plasma protein levels and cognitive impairment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated plasma GFAP and NLRP3 are associated with post\u2010stroke cognitive impairment in RSSI, partially mediated by PWMH. These biomarkers may help identify patients at risk of early cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T10:37:32Z","timestamp":1771324652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Plasma GFAP and NLRP3 Associate with Cognitive Impairment After Recent Small Subcortical Infarct via Periventricular White Matter Hyperintensity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2370-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianxiang","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Sichuan 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