{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T14:14:02Z","timestamp":1779804842241,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Daydreaming can be monitored either to avoid it while doing hands\u2010on tasks or to enhance it to foster creativity. Although significant research has been conducted in Brain recordings and Machine learning, some problems have not received sufficient attention. One of them is the automated identification and classification of daydream states with emphasis on physiological signals and prandial states. Until now, researchers have been relying only on subjective questionnaire\u2010based methods of daydream identification, neglecting neural hemodynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, EMG\u2010based physiological triggers have been incorporated to detect self\u2010induced daydream episodes in pre\u2010 and post\u2010meal prandial states. For the AI\u2010driven hemodynamic monitoring of the brain in relation to the analysis of the electrical activity of the stomach during self\u2010induced daydreaming, fNIRS and EGG signals of 30 participants were recorded, preprocessed, and investigated simultaneously. Both the duration and frequency of the daydreaming episodes were analyzed using these two modalities, which were further subjected to a feature extraction and class label encoding process to facilitate a four\u2010class classification of daydreaming and prandial state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Machine learning models were incorporated for classification and resulted in the highest testing accuracy of 90.77% for daydream detection and gave insights into the connection between meal consumption and daydreaming.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future Work<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the future, this study could serve as the preliminary basis for multimodal monitoring systems used to assess the state of cognition in parallel with the analysis of meal intake patterns. This research can also lead to the development of person\u2010specific treatments in the domain of mental and attentional health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:15:14Z","timestamp":1777695314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Driven Hemodynamic Detection of Self\u2010Induced Daydreaming With\n                    <scp>EMG<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Based Physiological Triggers During Pre\u2010 and Post\u2010Prandial States Using\n                    <scp>fNIRS<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>EGG<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Anusha","family":"Ishtiaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Air University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zia","family":"Mohy\u2010Ud\u2010Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Air University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al Aishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noman","family":"Naseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering Air University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0305-5678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Ghufran","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Nottingham Trent University  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahan Zeb","family":"Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering Maynooth University  Maynooth Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33735\/phimisci.2024.9913"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201062383\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.LiandT.Hills \u201cMind Wandering and Daydreaming Are They Different? \u201dIn Review(2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs\u20103430723\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3430723\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144\u2010024\u201006487\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359\u2010025\u201003453\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.871041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045\u2010021\u201000122\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.70027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10776"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2844"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/PBS.20210907111754"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54079\/jpmi.37.1.3087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40843"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201008510\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.Zmeykina Z.Turi A.Antal andW.Paulus \u201cInhibiting Corticospinal Excitability by Entraining Ongoing Mu\u2010Alpha Rhythm in Motor Cortex \u201dNeuroscience(2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.11.11.378117.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.11.378117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2021.3090217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"18th International Conference Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age 2021","author":"Rungsilp C.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-05457-0_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251490"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1182319"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25693"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201065747\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14747"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883\u2010023\u201003504\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193\u2010020\u201000325\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930802012153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2017.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","volume-title":"Biomedical Signal Processing","author":"Akay M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916\u2010018\u20101035\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102982.2003.00396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1369753"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRAMET53537.2021.9650349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3532360"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","unstructured":"P.RottandB.Eng \u201cDevelopment of an Electromyography Sensor Wristband for Controlling a Prosthetic Hand in Virtual Reality \u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1399179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00724"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.8.1.012101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3099973"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1337230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1176054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70252\/AYBG1535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","first-page":"620","article-title":"Determination of an Optimal Threshold Value for Muscle Activity Detection in EMG Analysis","volume":"9","author":"\u00d6zg\u00fcnen K. T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010010\u20101521\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnrgo.2024.1286586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2434767"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00935"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037377"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbinf.2022.927312"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113638"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201042098\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462\u2010016\u20109516\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Bogatinovski L.Todorovski S.D\u017eeroski andD.Kocev \u201cComprehensive Comparative Study of Multi\u2010Label Classification Methods \u201darXiv: 2102.07113. (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2102.07113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26154-6_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Herv\u00e9 S.Mani J. R.Behrman R.Laxminarayan andA.Nandi \u201cFood Coma Is Real: The Effect of Digestive Fatigue on Adolescents' Cognitive Performance \u201dSSRN Electronic Journal(2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4788223.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4788223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v20i4.54141"}],"container-title":["CNS Neuroscience &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cns.70899","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cns.70899","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cns.70899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T13:57:05Z","timestamp":1779803825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cns.70899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cns.70899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cns.70899","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-5930","1755-5949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-5930","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-5949","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70899"}}