{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:03:42Z","timestamp":1784127822493,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aim to investigate the impact of low\u2010frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF\u2010rTMS) on activated microglia in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), which exacerbate seizures and memory problems, and to explore the molecular mechanisms and clinical potential of LF\u2010rTMS for TLE treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested 0.3, 0.5, 1\u2009Hz LF\u2010rTMS in kainic acid (KA)\u2010induced TLE mice, assessing EEG, inflammation, synaptic phagocytosis, memory, scRNA\u2010seq, and IFN\u2010\u03b3 neutralizing antibodies. SnRNA\u2010seq of human hippocampal sclerosis (HS) tissues confirmed relevance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In KA\u2010induced TLE mice, 1\u2009Hz LF\u2010rTMS decreased seizures, neuroinflammation, and hippocampal synaptic phagocytosis, while enhancing memory. These effects were linked to increased microglial IFN\u2010\u03b3 signaling (activating STAT2 and inhibiting CADM1\/2\/3), which were negated by IFN\u2010\u03b3 blockade. SnRNA\u2010seq of human HS tissues revealed elevated IFN\u2010\u03b3 signaling in DAM\u2010like cells, indicating clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study indicates that 1\u2009Hz LF\u2010rTMS is a promising treatment for TLE, potentially reducing seizures and cognitive issues by affecting microglial function. Our findings show that IFN\u2010\u03b3 signaling triggers STAT2 activation, which is strongly linked to the increased expression of IFN\u2010\u03b3 signature DAM and the decreased expression of CADM1\/2\/3 in DAM, thus playing a role in the neuroprotective effects of 1\u2009Hz LF\u2010rTMS. These findings reveal a new LF\u2010rTMS mechanism and offer insights for targeted therapies in drug\u2010resistant epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:29:51Z","timestamp":1781346591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["1\u2009Hz Low\u2010Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Ameliorates Epilepsy by Suppressing Interferon\u2010\u03b3 Signaling\u2010Dependent Microglial Synaptic Phagocytosis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3535-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghui","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents' Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University  Zhangzhou, Fujian province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents' Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders  Chongqing 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