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Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) offer multimodal neuroprotection through paracrine secretion of neurotrophic factors and immunomodulatory mediators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed preclinical and clinical evidence for hMSC therapy across multiple CA etiologies, integrating findings from neuroinflammatory, toxic\/developmental, and genetic mouse models alongside published clinical trials and case reports. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (search period: 2000\u20132026) using the following key terms: \u201cmesenchymal stem cell\u201d AND \u201ccerebellar ataxia\u201d; \u201cMSC\u201d AND \u201cspinocerebellar ataxia\u201d; \u201chMSC\u201d AND \u201cPurkinje cell\u201d; \u201cstem cell therapy\u201d AND \u201cataxia\u201d. Inclusion criteria encompassed: peer\u2010reviewed original research articles and reviews in English; in\u00a0vivo animal model studies; clinical trials, case series, and case reports. Studies addressing non\u2010CA neurological conditions without CA\u2010relevant data were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>hMSC transplantation consistently improved motor function, preserved Purkinje cell integrity, and attenuated neuroinflammation across LPS\u2010induced, Ara\u2010C\u2010induced, and SCA2 transgenic models. A critical observation is that MSCs from CA patients exhibit markedly reduced anti\u2010inflammatory secretome capacity compared with healthy\u2010donor MSCs, justifying an allogeneic strategy. Therapeutic efficacy was maintained even after symptom onset in the SCA2 model. A published case report demonstrated safety and preliminary functional benefit of intrathecal allogeneic bone marrow\u2010derived MSCs in a sporadic adult\u2010onset ataxia patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>hMSC therapy targets convergent CA pathomechanisms\u2014microglial suppression, neurotrophin restoration, and Purkinje cell preservation\u2014through a paracrine rather than cell\u2010replacement mechanism. Post\u2010symptomatic efficacy and an emerging clinical evidence base support advancing toward placebo\u2010controlled randomized trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T14:59:24Z","timestamp":1784818764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mesenchymal Stem Cell\u2010Based Therapy for Cerebellar Ataxia: From Bench to Bedside"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoungho","family":"Suk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Brain Science &amp; Engineering Institute Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8849-920X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho\u2010Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Science &amp; Engineering Institute Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital  Daegu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0299-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Ryong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Science &amp; Engineering Institute Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0074-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000358801"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000774"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2022.2029703"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2023.2263911"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0664-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2395"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1905"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0051-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40543"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70390-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051756"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","first-page":"998","article-title":"Cytosine Arabinoside\u2010Induced Cerebellar Ataxia Model. 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