{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T07:32:03Z","timestamp":1793345523653,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017962","name":"Jiangsu Commission of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K2023023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2023023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017962","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017962","name":"Jiangsu Commission of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LKZ2024006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LKZ2024006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017962","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018916","name":"Suzhou Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DZXYJ202313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZXYJ202313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019155","name":"Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\u2010LCYJ\u2010MS\u201021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u2010LCYJ\u2010MS\u201021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate cognitive function in patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (CSVD) and investigate its association with variables such as serum Insulin\u2010like Growth Factor\u20101 (IGF\u20101). Artificial intelligence algorithms, specifically eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), were utilized for analysis and interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 216 patients diagnosed with CSVD were enrolled from the Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, between November 2019 and August 2020. Clinical and biochemical data\u2014including triglycerides, total cholesterol, low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, C\u2010peptide, anti\u2010human insulin antibodies, and IGF\u20101\u2014were obtained under standardized laboratory protocols. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Based on cognitive performance, patients were categorized into CSVD with cognitive impairment and CSVD without cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The original cohort included 216 patients with CSVD, comprising 50 patients with MCI and 166 patients without MCI. To address class imbalance during model development, SMOTE\u2010NC was applied within the development dataset. The XGBoost model achieved a precision of 0.790, recall of 0.901, F1 score of 0.820, accuracy of 0.833, and Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.667 in the validation cohort. Feature importance analysis identified key predictors, while SHAP values enabled intuitive visualization of each feature's impact. Decision Curve Analysis (DCA) confirmed the model's clinical utility and net benefit, underscoring its potential for early MCI detection and targeted intervention to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combining XGBoost and SHAP enhances model interpretability, facilitating the identification of critical risk factors such as reduced IGF\u20101 levels in MoCA\u2010defined MCI in patients with CSVD. This AI\u2010driven approach offers a valuable tool for informing treatment decisions and optimizing healthcare resource allocation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:08:36Z","timestamp":1785334116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prediction Model for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Chinese Patients With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Based on\n                    <scp>XGBoost<\/scp>\n                    Algorithms and Shapley Additive Explanations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1075-7345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University  Changzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0365-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7587-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Nanjing University  Suzhou China"},{"name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Integrated Stroke Prevention Treatment and Rehabilitation  Suzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Nanjing University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8482-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Nanjing University  Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1532-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Integrated Stroke Prevention Treatment and Rehabilitation  Suzhou China"},{"name":"Suzhou Research Centre of Medical School Nanjing University  Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Nanjing University  Suzhou China"},{"name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Integrated Stroke Prevention Treatment and Rehabilitation  Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6179-2633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Suzhou BenQ Medical Center  Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-2776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Nanjing University  Suzhou China"},{"name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Integrated Stroke Prevention Treatment and Rehabilitation  Suzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Nanjing University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Suzhou Research Centre of Medical School Nanjing University  Suzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Drum Tower Hospital Nanjing University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1073"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02656-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.5.1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13914"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.319951"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2012.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.016563"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0221"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00681-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Lundberg S. M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1431421"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211000894"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/45368"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa127"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2010.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713001483"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0048-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-8304"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S48926"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666160615091043"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-111472"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101999"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205015666180119105446"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59903"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190863"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010256"}],"container-title":["CNS Neuroscience &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cns.71044","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cns.71044","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cns.71044","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T06:51:47Z","timestamp":1793343107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cns.71044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cns.71044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cns.71044","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-5930","1755-5949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-5930","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-5949","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71044"}}