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CCH triggers a complex pathological cascade characterized by neurovascular dysfunction, white matter injury, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review, we summarize the major pathophysiological mechanisms of CCH and discuss current evidence supporting neuromodulation as a promising therapeutic strategy. We focus primarily on central stimulation modalities, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation, photobiomodulation, and ultrasound\u2010based neuromodulation, while also addressing selected peripheral physical modulation approaches and emerging multimodal combination strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Available evidence suggests that these interventions may mitigate hypoperfusion\u2010related brain injury and cognitive impairment by targeting multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, ultimately restoring synaptic plasticity and promoting circuit\u2010 and network\u2010level recovery. We further discuss current challenges to clinical translation, including limited deep\u2010target engagement, insufficient individualized dosing, and the underuse of rhythm\u2010based biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuromodulation holds promise as a mechanistically informed and multi\u2010target neuroprotective strategy for CCH\u2010related cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:42:43Z","timestamp":1786966963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuromodulation Techniques in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion: Mechanisms and Therapeutic 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