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However, the dynamic response patterns of distinct thalamic nuclei during stimulus\u2010pain processing remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, fiber photometry was employed to record calcium (Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) signals from multiple thalamic nuclei under two intensities of nociceptive somatic stimulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed that all recorded nuclei exhibited rapid increases in Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      signals following nociceptive stimulation; however, the evoked Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      signals differed markedly in peak amplitudes and peak times across nuclei. Cluster analysis further revealed a clear spatial stratification of thalamic responses to nociceptive stimulation, with medially located nuclei generally exhibiting stronger Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      responses than laterally located nuclei. In addition, thalamic nuclei differed in their sensitivity to stimulus intensity, with some showing pronounced intensity\u2010dependent Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      responses, whereas others exhibited minimal changes. Notably, within the dorsal thalamus, the parafascicular nucleus (PF) exhibited the shortest Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      signal peak time, whereas the posterior nucleus (PO) showed the longest. Morphological analyses further revealed distinct downstream projection targets and cortical axonal distribution patterns between PF and PO.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study reveals a thalamus\u2010wide functional stratification of neuronal Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      dynamics during nociceptive processing, with distinct thalamic nuclei exhibiting specialized temporal profiles and intensity\u2010encoding properties. Collectively, these findings provide new experimental evidence supporting the view that the thalamus acts as a distributed and hierarchical hub for pain information processing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:53:46Z","timestamp":1788245626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hierarchically and Temporally Distinct Ca\n                    <sup>2+<\/sup>\n                    Signaling Across Thalamic Nuclei During Nociceptive Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2166-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao\u2010Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Basic Medical College The Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7073-0977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian\u2010Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Basic Medical College The Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Basic Medical Sciences Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Basic Medical College The Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Basic Medical College The Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sha\u2010Sha","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Basic Medical College The Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College Zunyi Medical University  Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Basic Medical College The Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia\u2010Qi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. 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