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Corticotropin\u2010releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the PVN (PVN\n                      <jats:sup>CRH<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) play a pivotal role in stress responses, anxiety, and motivation. However, the brain\u2010wide monosynaptic input\u2013output architecture of PVN\n                      <jats:sup>CRH<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons remains incompletely defined, limiting circuit\u2010based functional dissection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using Cre\u2010dependent modified rabies virus for retrograde monosynaptic tracing and adeno\u2010associated viruses for anterograde tracing in CRH\u2010Cre mice, we systematically mapped the whole\u2010brain inputs and outputs of PVN\n                      <jats:sup>CRH<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PVN\n                      <jats:sup>CRH<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons received direct inputs from 55 brain regions, with a predominant contribution from diencephalon areas and an overall ipsilateral bias (61.4%). Notably, highly specific inputs originated from the ventral hippocampal CA1 and nucleus accumbens core. PVN\n                      <jats:sup>CRH<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons also sent widespread axonal projections throughout the brain. These outputs converge onto multiple circuit modules, with dense projections to emotion\u2010related nuclei and autonomic regulatory centers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study establishes a comprehensive whole\u2010brain monosynaptic input\u2013output atlas of PVN\n                      <jats:sup>CRH<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons. The resultant neuroanatomical framework delineates their extensive connectivity with stress\u2010, emotion\u2010, autonomic\u2010, and respiration\u2010related circuits, providing a structural basis for future circuit\u2010level investigations into stress\u2010related psychiatric disorders and systemic autonomic dysregulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:24:38Z","timestamp":1788150278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Whole\u2010Brain Monosynaptic Inputs and Outputs of Corticotropin\u2010Releasing Hormone Neurons of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus in Male Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4089-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziteng","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4998-668X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang 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Neurobiology Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimeng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8410-9717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain\u2010Inspired Intelligence  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and 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