{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:57:52Z","timestamp":1790618272555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82501574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82501574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20230484336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230484336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Carotid atherosclerosis is a major etiologic substrate for ischemic stroke. Although imaging can characterize stenosis and plaque morphology, circulating biomarkers may better support screening and scalable risk stratification, yet reliable serum protein markers for carotid plaque, particularly for plaque instability, remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We enrolled 128 participants, including patients with stable plaques (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200941), unstable plaques (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200949), and healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200938). Plaque stability was determined by carotid ultrasonography. We prespecified a serum biomarker panel comprising seven proteins and measured all of them: agrin (AGRN), ADAMTS8, ADAMTS9, collagen type XVIII alpha 1 chain (COL18A1), integrin subunit beta 4 (ITGB4), lysyl oxidase like 4 (LOXL4), and slit guidance ligand 3 (SLIT3). All proteins were quantified by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Group comparisons were performed with multiple\u2010comparison adjustment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and the area under the curve (AUC) evaluated the ability of individual biomarkers and the combined prediction probability to discriminate plaque presence and plaque instability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline characteristics differed substantially between plaque groups and healthy controls. Serum AGRN concentrations were significantly elevated in plaque patients versus controls (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD, Stable: 2222.42\u2009\u00b1\u2009508.30\u2009pg\/mL; Unstable: 2109.59\u2009\u00b1\u2009513.51\u2009pg\/mL; Healthy: 1800.36\u2009\u00b1\u2009375.89\u2009pg\/mL; overall\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while ADAMTS8 levels were comparable across groups (overall\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.110). In multivariable Firth penalized logistic regression with log2\u2010transformed biomarkers, neither AGRN nor ADAMTS8 was independently associated with plaque presence or plaque instability after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, alcohol use, dyslipidemia, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease (all adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). For discriminating plaque presence, the combined AGRN+ADAMTS8 model achieved an apparent AUC of 0.771 (bootstrap 95% CI, 0.678\u20130.865; optimism\u2010corrected AUC, 0.764; repeated stratified 5\u2010fold cross\u2010validated AUC, 0.749). For plaque instability, the combined model showed no discriminatory capacity (apparent AUC, 0.549; optimism\u2010corrected AUC, 0.498; repeated 5\u2010fold cross\u2010validated AUC, 0.471).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating AGRN and ADAMTS8, measured as serum concentrations, are associated with carotid plaque presence versus healthy controls but do not independently discriminate plaque presence or instability after multivariable adjustment. Clinical covariates alone (age, sex, vascular risk factors) provided near\u2010perfect discrimination of plaque presence, indicating substantial spectrum bias arising from the healthy\u2010control comparator design. These findings underscore the need for age\u2010 and risk\u2010matched comparator populations in future biomarker studies, consistent with STARD 2015 recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:02:33Z","timestamp":1789563753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circulating Serum\n                    <scp>AGRN<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>ADAMTS8<\/scp>\n                    With Related Candidates as Potential Biomarkers for Carotid Plaque Presence and Vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Shuaiwei","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7935-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zixuan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Hospital, Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Health Science Center Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqian","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency of Neurosurgery Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University  Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital\/North China University of Science and Technology  Tangshan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute; 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