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The insular cortex is critically involved in impulse control, and parvalbumin\u2010expressing (PV) GABAergic interneurons strongly regulate its activity. We investigated whether developmental differences in insular PV interneuron activity contribute to impulsivity\u2010related behaviors and alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male C57BL\/6 mice were assessed during adolescence (postnatal day 28) or young adulthood (postnatal day 64). Impulsivity was evaluated using the omission\u2010contingency learning (OCL) task, and alcohol intake and preference were measured using a two\u2010bottle choice paradigm with quinine adulteration. Neuronal activation in the insular cortex was analyzed using Fos immunolabeling combined with NeuN or PV markers. Chemogenetic manipulation of insular PV interneurons was performed in PV\u2010Cre mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent mice exhibited greater impulsivity and higher alcohol consumption than adults. Although overall neuronal activation in the insular cortex was increased in adolescents, PV interneuron activation was reduced. Chemogenetic activation of insular PV interneurons decreased impulsive responding and alcohol intake, whereas inhibition produced the opposite effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insular PV interneurons exert critical control over impulsivity and alcohol\u2010seeking behaviors. Developmental differences in PV\u2010mediated inhibitory regulation within the insular cortex may underlie adolescent vulnerability to alcohol misuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:29:14Z","timestamp":1790656154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Anterior Insular Parvalbumin\n                    <scp>GABAergic<\/scp>\n                    Interneurons in Impulsivity\u2010Related and Alcohol\u2010Seeking Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4561-8958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Departamento de Farmacologia Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6702-6123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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