{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:57:46Z","timestamp":1790618266415,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2541230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2541230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bipedal locomotion requires coordinated corticospinal interactions, yet how these networks dynamically reorganize across gait phases remains poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the phase\u2010dependent restructuring of corticospinal functional networks during rest, stance, and swing in healthy rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single\u2010unit spiking activity was simultaneously recorded from the hindlimb motor cortex and lumbar spinal cord of healthy rats across three behavioral states: Rest, stance, and swing. Granger causality analysis was applied to local field potentials (LFPs) to assess directed functional connectivity. Total Spiking Probability Edges (TSPE) algorithm was used to estimate spike\u2010train functional connectivity. Network topology was characterized by global efficiency and rich\u2010club coefficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Granger causality revealed that corticospinal connectivity was most prominent in the beta band (13\u201335\u2009Hz) during active locomotion. Global efficiency rose from rest (0.33) to stance (0.53) and swing (0.51). TSPE confirmed rich\u2010club topology in all conditions. Spinal hub neurons predominated during locomotion, comprising 81.13%\u2009\u00b1\u200915.5% of rich\u2010club hubs at stance and 60.48%\u2009\u00b1\u200910.21% at swing, while cortical and spinal hubs were balanced at rest. Mean latency decreased from 29.60\u2009\u00b1\u200920.66\u2009ms at rest to 9.67\u2009\u00b1\u20091.65\u2009ms during stance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The central nervous system dynamically restructures corticospinal functional networks across gait phases, with spinal hub neurons assuming a dominant role during active locomotion. This framework provides a mechanistic reference for studying corticospinal disruptions in spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, and identifies phase\u2010specific beta\u2010band coupling and rich\u2010club hub dynamics as candidate targets for closed\u2010loop neural interfaces in gait rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:40:04Z","timestamp":1789742404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural Network Connection Characteristics Between Motor Cortex and Spinal Cord During Rat Bipedal Walking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0958-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Automotive Engineers Hubei University of Automotive Technology  Shiyan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiran","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0135058100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2003.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20109568.2006.04773.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0057\u201008.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201084"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26905"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4216"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06976"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201009485\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010021\u201000939\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3442\u201017.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","volume-title":"*Methods for Neural Ensemble Recordings*. 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