{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:49:03Z","timestamp":1791953343463,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8250050433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8250050433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Evaluating residual consciousness and predicting outcomes in unresponsive patients pose significant clinical challenges. Language assessment is crucial for these patients, and language\u2010based EEG paradigms have shown promise in aiding diagnosis and prognosis in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). However, current language\u2010based EEG paradigms either require higher\u2010order cognitive functions, thereby misidentifying some conscious patients as unconscious, or rely on automatic processing, which fails to capture residual consciousness in DoC.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Newly developed, simple phrase sequences combined with neural frequency tagging were used to explore a language paradigm tailored to a critical processing threshold. This paradigm was designed to reflect the dynamic process of consciousness in DoC, while requiring minimal cognitive load.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Our results showed that significant phrase\u2010level EEG responses were observed in healthy subjects, MCS patients, and UWS patients in three conditions. Neural tracking of phrase structure showed a progressive decrease across three groups (healthy > MCS\u2009>\u2009UWS). Among the UWS patients, 52.38% (11 out of 21) and among the MCS patients, 45.83% (11 out of 24) exhibited significant ITPC at the syllable rate in at least one of the three conditions. Additionally, 38.10% (8 out of 21) of UWS patients and 33.33% (8 out of 24) of MCS patients demonstrated significant ITPC at the phrase rate. The language paradigm performance in this study was superior to that of other paradigms in detecting the proportion of residual language ability in DoC patients. Furthermore, cortical tracking at the phrase rate significantly correlated with 12\u2010month outcomes and effectively classified patients according to their 12\u2010month prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The simplified language assessment demonstrates strong potential to detect residual language ability in DoC patients and could potentially be used to detect residual consciousness and determine prognosis in unresponsive patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:21:57Z","timestamp":1791951717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Residual Language Abilities Correlate With Diagnosis and Prognosis in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7351-8728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Artificial Intelligence Theory, Zhejiang Lab Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9584-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4488-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Hangzhou Mingzhou Brain Rehabilitation Hospital Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Hangzhou Mingzhou Brain Rehabilitation Hospital Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nai","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Artificial Intelligence Theory, Zhejiang Lab Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9892-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.279","article-title":"Disorders of Consciousness After Acquired Brain Injury: The State of the Science","volume":"10","author":"Giacino J. 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