{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:27:03Z","timestamp":1787318823601,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of the Child Neurology Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with Down syndrome follow distinct developmental trajectories that require specialized monitoring and counseling. We aimed to provide updated estimates of developmental milestone attainment using a nonparametric approach and to compare these results with previously reported generalized linear mixed\u2010effects model (GLMM) estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reanalyzed developmental data from 842 children with Down syndrome (ages 2 months to 24 years). For each milestone, achievement rates were calculated within overlapping 0.5\u2010year time windows, and shape\u2010constrained additive models were used to derive monotonic regression curves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with GLMM\u2010based estimates, the nonparametric approach predicted milestone attainment at least 1 year earlier for 17 of 25 milestones at the highest comparable percentile. Early gross motor milestones showed consistent achievement patterns across methods, whereas more complex adaptive, language, and academic skills demonstrated greater variability and were more sensitive to modeling assumptions. Females achieved 17 of 25 milestones at least 1 year earlier than males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight substantial developmental heterogeneity and support the potential for continued skill acquisition throughout childhood and adolescence in individuals with Down syndrome. The updated estimates provide clinically relevant reference points to guide individualized monitoring, anticipatory guidance, and family counseling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cns3.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:46:56Z","timestamp":1774435616000},"page":"140-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental Milestones for Children With Down Syndrome: Revised Estimates Using Moving Average Summaries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Rahaf","family":"Tarawneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2496-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Pawlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Baumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Children's Hospital Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1574-198X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maitreyi","family":"Mazumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-057010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-065402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-065402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.2184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000895"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-013-9448-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-070144"}],"container-title":["Annals of the Child Neurology Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cns3.70065","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cns3.70065","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cns3.70065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:41:35Z","timestamp":1787316095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cns3.70065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cns3.70065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cns3.70065","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2831-3267","2831-3267"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2831-3267","type":"print"},{"value":"2831-3267","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}