{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T02:35:13Z","timestamp":1786674913966,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY\u201010834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY\u201010834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Color Research &amp; Application"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Color\u2010normal subjects sometimes disagree about metameric matches involving highly structured spectral power distributions (SPDs), because their cone fundamentals differ slightly, but non\u2010negligibly. This has significant implications for the design of light sources and displays, so it should be estimated. We propose a broadly applicable estimation method based on a simple adaptive \u201cfront\u2010end\u201d interface that can be used with any selected standard color appearance model. The interface accepts, as input, any set of color\u2010matching functions for the individual subject (eg, these could be that person's cone response functions) and also the associated tristimulus values for the test stimulus and also for the reference stimulus (ie, reference white). The interface converts these data into tristimulus values of the form used by the selected color appearance model (which could, eg, be X, Y, Z), while also carrying out the needed transform, which is based on an estimate of the subject's likely previous long\u2010term adaptations to their unique cone fundamentals. The selected standard color appearance model then provides color appearance data that are an estimate of the color appearance of the test stimulus, for that individual subject. This information has the advantage of being interpretable within that model's well\u2010known color space. The adaptive front end is based on the fact that, for any selected input SPD and the subject's unique color matching functions, there can be many different SPDs that are metameric for that individual. Since observer\u2010to\u2010observer color perception differences are minimized for spectrally smooth SPDs, smooth metamers predict color appearances reasonably accurately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T13:34:08Z","timestamp":1636205648000},"page":"555-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Using smooth metamers to estimate color appearance metrics for diverse <scp>color\u2010normal<\/scp> observers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3825-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin A. G.","family":"Smet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Light &amp; Lighting Laboratory KU Leuven  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Nevada  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4170-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorne A.","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118653128.ch10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15502724.2015.1004412"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of color matching primaries on observer matching: part II\u2013observer variability","volume":"2","author":"Li J","year":"2021","journal-title":"LEUKOS \u2010 J Illum Eng Soc North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.395568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.418675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"SarkarA BlondeL Le CalletP AutrusseauF StauderJ MorvanP.Study of observer variability in modern display colorimetry: an analysis of CIE 2006 model. 11th Congr Int Colour Assoc.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22620"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.33.00A319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"A Colour Appearance Model for Colour Management Systems","author":"CIE 159","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153513481375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.008239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chromaticity difference specification for light sources, CIE TN 001:2014","volume":"001","author":"Ohno Y","year":"2014","journal-title":"CIE Tech Note"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulas","author":"Wyszecki G","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1422442"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Tutorial: the LuxPy python toolbox for lighting and color science. LEUKOS","volume":"16","author":"Smet KAG","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Illum Eng Soc North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.10.015"}],"container-title":["Color Research &amp; Application"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/col.22749","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/col.22749","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/col.22749","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T18:24:11Z","timestamp":1692987851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/col.22749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/col.22749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/col.22749","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-2317","1520-6378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-2317","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}