{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:30:07Z","timestamp":1791963007457,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Color Research &amp; Application"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Normal color perception is complicated. But at its initial stage it is relatively simple, since at photopic levels it depends on the activations of just three photoreceptor types: the long\u2010 (L\u2010), middle\u2010 (M\u2010) and short\u2010 (S\u2010) wavelength\u2010sensitive cones. Knowledge of how each type responds to different wavelengths\u2014the three cone spectral sensitivities\u2014can be used to model human color vision and in practical applications to specify color and predict color matches. The CIE has sanctioned the cone spectral sensitivity estimates of Stockman and Sharpe (Stockman and Sharpe, 2000, Vision Res) and their associated measures of luminous efficiency as \u201cphysiologically\u2010relevant\u201d standards for color vision (CIE, 2006; 2015). These LMS cone spectral sensitivities are specified at 5\u2010 and 1\u2010nm steps for mean \u201cstandard\u201d observers with normal cone photopigments and average ocular transparencies, both of which can vary in the population. Here, we provide formulae for the three cone spectral sensitivities as well as for macular and lens pigment density spectra, all as continuous functions of wavelength from 360 to 850\u2009nm. These functions reproduce the tabulated discrete CIE LMS cone spectral sensitivities for 2\u2010deg and 10\u2010deg with little error in both linear and logarithmic units. Furthermore, these formulae allow the easy computation of non\u2010standard cone spectral sensitivities (and other color matching functions) with individual differences in macular, lens and photopigment optical densities, and with spectrally shifted hybrid or polymorphic L\u2010 and M\u2010cone photopigments appropriate for either normal or red\u2010green color vision deficient observers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T08:08:49Z","timestamp":1689754129000},"page":"818-840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Formulae for generating standard and individual human cone spectral sensitivities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9807-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Stockman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology University College London  London UK"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Rider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Color Vision: from Genes to Perception","author":"Stockman A","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00021-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/5.11.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/col.20602"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","volume-title":"Fundamental Chromaticity Diagram with Physiological Axes\u2013Part 1, Vol CIE 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