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However, emerging evidence reveals a far more complex system\u2014one that actively encodes diverse aspects of meal\u2010related information, from mechanical stretch to nutrient content, metabolic state, and even microbial metabolites. This review challenges the view of vagal afferent neurons (VANs) as simple meal\u2010termination sensors and highlights their specialized subpopulations, diverse sensory modalities, and downstream brain circuits, which shape feeding behavior, metabolism, and cognition. We integrate recent advances from single\u2010cell transcriptomics, neural circuit mapping, and functional imaging to examine how VANs contribute to gut\u2013brain communication beyond satiety, including their roles in food reward and memory formation. 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