{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:05:08Z","timestamp":1793387108965,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comprehensive Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biological sex profoundly impacts HIV acquisition, disease progression, and persistence. Beyond genetic differences, sex hormones such as estrogen play multifaceted roles in shaping immune responses to HIV. However, the precise effects of estrogen and other sex hormones on the various components of the immune system, and their implications for HIV progression and persistence, remain poorly understood. Addressing these gaps is essential for developing strategies to improve the management of chronic HIV, especially in post\u2010menopausal cisgender women and transgender women. B cells are crucial for HIV control, primarily through the production of anti\u2010HIV antibodies. Emerging evidence suggests that estrogen exerts significant, yet underappreciated, effects on B cell function. However, the interactions between estrogen and B cells during HIV remain poorly characterized. This review explores current insights into the estrogen\u2013B cell axis, emphasizing its role in modulating immune responses critical to HIV. Specifically, it examines estrogen's effects on B cell activation, antibody production, and antibody functionality, all of which can influence HIV control and disease progression. We also highlight key research gaps, including the impact of differential estrogen levels on immune\u2010mediated HIV control and the potential of estrogen modulators to enhance B cell\u2010driven immunity during HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T10:21:40Z","timestamp":1757672500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Estrogen Modulation of B Cell Immunity: Implications for\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    Control and Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Kasibante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Medicine Feinberg School of 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