{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T07:49:50Z","timestamp":1777016990266,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comprehensive Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 25% of the adult population worldwide. This study quantifies the global NAFLD burden attributable to 10 dietary components across diverse populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study integrated 2018 data from the Global Dietary Database (GDD) and the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study to analyze correlations of dietary nutrients with the incidence and prevalence of NAFLD across 185 countries. Nonlinear relationships were explored using generalized additive models (GAM), with findings subsequently validated against National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Additionally, Spearman correlation analysis was performed to assess associations between sociodemographic development (SDI) and dietary intake patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      South Asia and sub\u2010Saharan Africa have high carbohydrate but low protein and fat intake; North America and Western Europe display a \u201cWestern diet,\u201d showing regional nutritional differences. Nutrient intake varies by age, gender, and region, especially for carbohydrates, protein, fat, and Omega\u20103\u2009s. In 2018, NAFLD burden was highest in the Middle East and North Africa. Higher SDI linked to increased animal protein and cholesterol intake, and greater NAFLD risk. GAM analysis revealed complex nonlinear nutrient\u2010NAFLD relationships: carbohydrate intake had peak NAFLD risk at intermediate levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01); dietary cholesterol showed dose\u2010dependent risk plateauing at higher intakes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Protein intake correlated positively with disease burden. Most nutrient\u2010NAFLD associations in NHANES data supported global findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study uses a global database to analyze 10 nutrients' relation to NAFLD, showing nonlinear effects and regional differences. It suggests focusing on nutrient\u2010specific interventions over broad dietary patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:07:38Z","timestamp":1774591658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Threshold Effects of Dietary Components on Global\n                    <scp>NAFLD<\/scp>\n                    Burden: Modulating Role of Socioeconomic Development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yanqi","family":"Kou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University  Zhanjiang City Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology 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