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The bulk composition reveals the history of the growth process and therefore the source region, whereas the interface controls\u2014to a large extent\u2014the interaction with gases, biological membranes, and solid supports. We summarize the development of a soft interrogation technique, using heterogeneous chemistry, for the interfacial functional groups of selected probe gases [N(CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>OH, CF<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>COOH, HCl, O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>] of different reactivity. The technique reveals the identity and density of surface functional groups. Examples include acidic and basic sites, olefinic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sites, and partially and completely oxidized surface sites. We report on the surface composition and oxidation states of laboratory\u2010generated aerosols and of aerosols sampled in several bus depots. In the latter case, the biomarker 8\u2010hydroxy\u20102\u2032\u2010deoxyguanosine, signaling oxidative stress caused by aerosol exposure, was isolated. The increase in biomarker levels over a working day is correlated with the surface density N<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>O3<\/jats:sup> of olefinic and\/or PAH sites obtained from O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> uptakes as well as with the initial uptake coefficient, <jats:italic>\u03b3<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, of five probe gases used in the field. This correlation with <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> suggests the idea of competing pathways occurring at the interface of the aerosol particles between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for oxidative stress and cellular antioxidants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201000490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]],"date-time":"2010-10-07T05:00:51Z","timestamp":1286427651000},"page":"3823-3835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Probing Functional Groups at the Gas\u2013Aerosol Interface Using Heterogeneous Titration Reactions: A Tool for Predicting Aerosol Health Effects?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ari","family":"Setyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Jacques","family":"Sauvain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Guillemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Riediker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Demirdjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel J.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701479323"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2101036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199801000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0402.104118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7339"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B704850E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2005.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2006.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2005.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-255-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00325-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2008.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b508910g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ef049736y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zaac.19703720306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(94)90031-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(01)00165-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2009.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.19730851403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.197305341"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1148263"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"500","volume-title":"Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. I, 2nd ed.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","volume-title":"Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 70th ed.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","unstructured":"A. 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