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The process represents a new method for microreactions and microfabrication in a convection\u2010diffusion layer. To prove the concept of a convection\u2010diffusion layer in an \u201copen space\u201d, bovine serum albumin was labeled with 4\u2010fluoro\u20107\u2010nitro\u20102,1,3\u2010benzoxadiazole to confirm that the small convection\u2010diffusion layer was effective for local surface treatment. To demonstrate the potential for microfabrication, silver patterns were fabricated on a glass surface with a convection\u2010diffusion layer by using the silver\u2010mirror reaction. The widths of each silver pattern could be easily controlled from 10 to 60\u2005\u03bcm. Patterned silver lines with uniform widths or gradient widths were prepared. This is the first proof of concept study of a convection\u2010diffusion layer in an \u201copen space\u201d used in local surface treatment and microfabrication on a surface. The microchemical pen represents a potential method for the region\u2010selective microtreatment of tissues, cells, and other biological interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201700577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T00:03:08Z","timestamp":1498608188000},"page":"2357-2363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Convection\u2010Diffusion Layer in an \u201cOpen Space\u201d for Local Surface Treatment and Microfabrication using a Four\u2010Aperture Microchemical Pen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sifeng","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry &amp; Chemical Biology Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 China"},{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University  Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192\u20130397 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University  Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192\u20130397 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weifei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University  Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192\u20130397 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hulie","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University  Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192\u20130397 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hizuru","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University  Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192\u20130397 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010Ming","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry &amp; 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