{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T20:31:21Z","timestamp":1787689881628,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemPhysChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iron\u2010gall inks, a vital part of our written cultural heritage, are at risk of complete loss due to degradation, a potential loss that we must urgently address. These inks are based on Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\u2010complexes with phenolic compounds, which grow to form a complex network of iron oxyhydroxides. Over time, these black inks turn into brownish tones, with extensive degradation in paper support leading to extensive breaking. The kinetics of iron\u2010gall ink preparation explains the use of iron sulfate, FeSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, in all ancient recipes to obtain a stable amorphous ink. The novelty of this work shows that a low ratio of Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\/polyphenol is a crucial factor in allowing the ink's growth without its degradation. This ratio also prevents the formation of superoxide. This was achieved through a comprehensive research methodology involving spectroscopic techniques in the visible and the near\u2010infrared regions, stopped\u2010flow spectrometry and electrochemical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202400859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1727863428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>\/Polyphenol Ratio in Iron\u2010gall Ink on Superoxide Formation: Rationalizing Historic Recipes from a Kinetic Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2308-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e9rcia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade do Porto  Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n 4169\u2013007 Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Av\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia NOVA School of Science and Technology  Campus Caparica 2829-516 Monte de Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia NOVA School of Science and Technology  Campus Caparica 2829-516 Monte de Caparica Portugal"},{"name":"INL\u2013International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Avenida Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga 4715-330 Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3175-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Moniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar Universidade do Porto  Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade do Porto  Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n 4169\u2013007 Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0998-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar Universidade do Porto  Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade do Porto  Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n 4169\u2013007 Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0586-2278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade do Porto  Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n 4169\u2013007 Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0528-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o C.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia NOVA School of Science and Technology  Campus Caparica 2829-516 Monte de Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7393-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia NOVA School of Science and Technology  Campus Caparica 2829-516 Monte de Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8529-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia NOVA School of Science and Technology  Campus Caparica 2829-516 Monte de Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","unstructured":"A. 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