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We investigated these interactions by tracking single molecules of the NAP HU\u03b1\u2010PAmCherry in living\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells in different growth phases, and we further examined how two NAPs, Dps and H\u2010NS, impact HU\u03b1 dynamics. HU\u03b1 mobility varies with growth phase: In exponential phase, HU\u03b1 has two distinct mobility states: a fast\u2010diffusing state and a slower, interacting state. In stationary phase, we observed a third population of very slow molecules, suggesting stable HU\u03b1 binding or confinement within compacted DNA. Deleting\n                    <jats:italic>dps<\/jats:italic>\n                    increases HU\u03b1 mobility in stationary phase, consistent with findings that Dps promotes short\u2010range DNA contacts and nucleoid compaction in deep stationary phase. We measured in exponential phase that\n                    <jats:italic>hns<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion leads to nucleoid compaction, faster HU\u03b1 diffusion, and a third population of very slow HU\u03b1 molecules in these cells. In stationary phase, deleting\n                    <jats:italic>hns<\/jats:italic>\n                    increases these stably bound HU\u03b1 molecules. Our results show that growth\u2010phase\u2010dependent nucleoid reorganization by Dps and H\u2010NS influences the behavior and function of other NAPs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202500916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:14:11Z","timestamp":1777454051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing the Impact of Nucleoid\u2010Associated Proteins on HU\u2010DNA Interactions by Live\u2010Cell Single\u2010Molecule Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"D. E. 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