{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T03:52:54Z","timestamp":1788666774558,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\u20102020\u201007016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\u20102020\u201007016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemPhysChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a widely studied semiconductor for photocatalytic applications due to its suitable bandgap, chemical stability, and high electron mobility. Its photocatalytic efficiency is often limited by rapid electron\u2013hole recombination. Metal doping has emerged as an effective strategy to overcome this limitation as it introduces lattice distortions, modifies electronic properties, and creates oxygen vacancies. Trivalent metal dopants substitute Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    in ZnO lattice, inducing oxygen vacancies that act as intrinsic defects, trap charge carriers, extend their lifetime, and enhance charge separation efficiency. Moreover, the presence of V\n                    <jats:sub>O<\/jats:sub>\n                    facilitates the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radicals (\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and hydroxyl radicals (\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022<\/jats:sup>\n                    OH), under UV or visible light irradiation, which radicals are responsible for the oxidative degradation of organic pollutants. The synergy between metal dopants and oxygen vacancies not only tunes the optical and electronic properties of ZnO but also significantly improves its photocatalytic performance. This makes doped ZnO an attractive candidate for water treatment applications, including the degradation of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other persistent organic contaminants. Understanding the interplay between dopant type, vacancy concentration, and ROS generation is crucial for designing highly efficient, stable, and recyclable photocatalysts for sustainable water purification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.70423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:06:51Z","timestamp":1779174411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Revisiting Defect\u2010Engineered M(III)\u2010Doped ZnO Photocatalysts for Emerging Pollutant Photodegradation and Mineralization: A Mini\u2010Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Abderrahmane","family":"Toutlitni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Materials Faculty of Sciences Mohammed V University in Rabat  Rabat Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Khmiyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Materials Faculty of Sciences Mohammed V University in Rabat  Rabat Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Fatine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Materials Faculty of Sciences Mohammed V University in Rabat  Rabat Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-4273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Michel","family":"Nunzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy Department of Chemistry Queen's University  Kingston Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9608-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Laghzizil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Materials Faculty of Sciences Mohammed V University in Rabat  Rabat Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202100299"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chas.3c00071"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CP03391K"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.12.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(19)63448-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scowo.2025.100055"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202300472"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137857"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11100818"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2022.109764"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2848-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w14233899"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138708"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.09.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200700002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202500142"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-29271-2.00005-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202000747"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","first-page":"575","article-title":"Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of Defects for Enhanced Technological Potentials","volume":"11","author":"Irfan A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnology Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA02568G"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118614"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-026-07162-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2023.415597"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12030308"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2017.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst14010006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5033349"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02990909"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1992666"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2023.112668"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/72\/12\/126501"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2020.114581"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-018-2643-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.07.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2012.05.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.02.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2020.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2313(97)00093-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-015-9157-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202000088"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","first-page":"575","article-title":"Defect Engineering in ZnO for Enhanced Technological Applications","volume":"11","author":"Irfan A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnology Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.03.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81279-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2023.114413"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.3c02730"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2019.100367"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202401144"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b11456"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103907"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.12.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2023.114467"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2022.112055"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2024.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c10034"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2025.118038"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2025.114274"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2023.100920"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.01.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35725"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5069872"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.12.089"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2020.110387"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2025.114274"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84568-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-021-05545-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange using ZnO and Fe Doped ZnO: A comparative Study","volume":"9","author":"Isai K. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Catalysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.12.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52430-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010034"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11041059"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2013.05.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2022.101567"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.02.216"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2012.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2025.113704"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2014.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","first-page":"812","article-title":"ZnO\/MgO Nanocomposites for Textile Wastewater Degradation","volume":"38","author":"Raj R. B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Particulate Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.01.095"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA04642F"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.12.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-019-2974-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/790173"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.06.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ01785B"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2019.112245"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2019.16747"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.23109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201702470"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.01.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.110043"}],"container-title":["ChemPhysChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cphc.70423","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cphc.70423","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cphc.70423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:55:16Z","timestamp":1779771316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cphc.70423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cphc.70423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphc.70423","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-4235","1439-7641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-4235","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-7641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70423"}}