{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:33:18Z","timestamp":1782894798275,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012165","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFC1909102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC1909102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024MS05059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024MS05059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemPhysChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Molten oxide\u2013fluoride electrolysis enables direct metal extraction from ores while producing only oxygen. Titanium and its alloys are highly valued for their exceptional high\u2010 and low\u2010temperature properties, enabling broad applications in metallurgy and other fields. However, the direct electrolytic deposition of titanium from its oxides via molten oxide electrolysis is a significant challenge. This article systematically investigates the limitations of this process in a CaF\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013CaO\u2013TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    melt. Electrochemical experiments were conducted using tungsten and iron electrodes with Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    deposition; in all cases, no significant metallic titanium deposition was observed. Cyclic and square\u2010wave voltammetry analyses revealed a multistep reduction mechanism. Results show negligible Ti deposition on the W electrode and only micrometer\u2010thick layers on the Fe electrode or with Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The primary limiting factors are the following: (1) The reduction rate of titanium ions is close to the dissolution rate of metallic titanium (both ~10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n                    cm\u00b7s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and (2) rapid formation of CaTiO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    passivates the cathode, impeding continuous Ti deposition, with CaTiO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction as the rate\u2010controlling step. This article clarifies the fundamental barriers to efficient Ti extraction via molten oxide\u2013fluoride electrolysis and offers strategic insights for optimizing titanium metallurgy from mineral sources.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.70469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T01:52:46Z","timestamp":1782179566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kinetic and Passivation Limitations in Titanium Reduction via Molten Oxide\u2013Fluoride Electrolysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Liqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Baotou Teachers\u2019 College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Baotou Teachers\u2019 College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5134-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Baotou Teachers\u2019 College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molten Salts and Functional Materials of Heilongjiang Province School of Science Heihe University  Heihe China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/3527602119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921\u20105093(96)10233\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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