{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:05:10Z","timestamp":1789275910562,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemPhysChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Reliable determination of ionization energies (IE) and electron affinities (EA) is essential for understanding energy\u2010level alignment in solar cells. Here, we benchmark cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical voltage spectroscopy (EVS) for IE and EA determination against ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) for IE and the combination of UPS and photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) for EA. The investigated materials are  perovskite thin films with varying bromide fraction\n                    <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090\u20131. Onset potentials and energies were reproducibly extracted using tangent\u2010based scripts, avoiding data smoothing and minimizing user bias. The optical band gap scales linearly with bromide fraction. The IE remains approximately constant up to\n                    <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.4 (EVS) and\n                    <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.6 (CV), increasing upon further substitution. All investigated methods consistently reveal a decrease in EA with increasing bromide content. Finally, we highlight practical considerations relevant to the application of EC methods and UPS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.70478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T02:50:26Z","timestamp":1788663026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrochemical Determination of the Ionization Energy and the Electron Affinity of Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films: A Comparison to Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Katarina","family":"Gugujonovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz  Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Zahrhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz  Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Physics: Surface Science Division Johannes Kepler University Linz  Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz  Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Leeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz  Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munise","family":"Cobet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz  Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niyazi Serdar","family":"Sariciftci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz  Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus Clark","family":"Scharber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Johannes Kepler University Linz  Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c21975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201800260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0019877"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.5c01670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00293G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JFLEX.2025.3539612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.40.1511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2020.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2022.101552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.10.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-022-00753-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2022.101176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04455-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09181-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-024-01491-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"1147","article-title":"c\u2010PCBSD, a Cross\u2010Linked Fullerene Derivative, as a Cathodic Interlayer in Wide\u2010Band\u2010Gap Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"154","author":"Gugujonovi\u0107 K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Monatshefte f\u00fcr Chemie\u2010Chemical Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b02800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2022.100213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b04321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b00516"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2516-1075\/ac884d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201004554"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(86)87026-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.433746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(79)80180-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"Ossila Cyclic Voltammetry Basic Principles and Theory ossila.com\/pages\/cyclic\u2010voltammetry Accessed June 29(2026)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr940053x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications","author":"Bard A. J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202500325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.20.001333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"F.Mayr \u201cOptical Characterization of Organic and Perovskite Semiconductors by Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy\u201d (master's thesis 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"T. F.Scientific X\u2010Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Atomic Elements Accessed August 13 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.1c00054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2007.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/6.0004167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2020.136109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2023.100384"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40187-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2021.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.201800299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MH01106E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201903252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.134648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.03.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.05.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01046-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SC03141E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11683"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6b00946"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ee00168k"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b02692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4972032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.5143897"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MH00160A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00853A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201306281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1800011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10468-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202302837"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3MH00098B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202202575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7655\/acb96d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202501747"}],"container-title":["ChemPhysChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cphc.70478","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cphc.70478","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cphc.70478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T04:26:46Z","timestamp":1789273606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cphc.70478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cphc.70478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphc.70478","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-4235","1439-7641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-4235","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-7641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70478"}}