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In hibernating mammals, ventilation falls even more than metabolic rate leading to a relative respiratory acidosis that may contribute to metabolic depression. Breathing in some mammals becomes episodic and in some small mammals significant apneic gas exchange may occur by passive diffusion via airways or skin. In ectothermic vertebrates, extrapulmonary gas exchange predominates and in reptiles and amphibians hibernating underwater accounts for all gas exchange. In aerated water diffusive exchange permits amphibians and many species of turtles to remain fully aerobic, but hypoxic conditions can challenge many of these animals. Oxygen uptake into blood in both endotherms and ectotherms is enhanced by increased affinity of hemoglobin for O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>at low temperature. Regulation of gas exchange in hibernating mammals is predominately linked to CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/pH, and in episodic breathers, control is principally directed at the duration of the apneic period. Control in submerged hibernating ectotherms is poorly understood, although skin\u2010diffusing capacity may increase under hypoxic conditions. In aerated water blood pH of frogs and turtles either adheres to alphastat regulation (pH \u223c8.0) or may even exhibit respiratory alkalosis. Arousal in hibernating mammals leads to restoration of euthermic temperature, metabolic rate, and gas exchange and occurs periodically even as ambient temperatures remain low, whereas body temperature, metabolic rate, and gas exchange of hibernating ectotherms are tightly linked to ambient temperature. \u00a9 2011 American Physiological Society.<jats:italic>Compr Physiol<\/jats:italic>1:397\u2010420, 2011.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c090018","type":"other","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,14]],"date-time":"2011-01-14T20:18:50Z","timestamp":1295036330000},"page":"397-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Hibernation and Gas Exchange"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"William K.","family":"Milsom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Estivation in South American amphibians and reptiles","volume":"28","author":"Abe AS","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brazil J Med Bio Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04162-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","unstructured":"BarnesBM CareyHV.Life in the Cold; Evolution Mechanisms Adaptation and Application.Proceedings of the 12th International Hibernation Symposium. 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