{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:08:39Z","timestamp":1792030119931,"version":"4.4.0"},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":279,"publisher":"Wiley","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780470650714","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cold weather can have deleterious effects on health, tolerance, and performance. This paper will review the physiological responses and external factors that impact cold tolerance and physical performance. Tolerance is defined as the ability to withstand cold stress with minimal changes in physiological strain. Physiological and pathophysiological responses to short\u2010term (cold shock) and long\u2010term cold water and air exposure are presented. Factors (habituation, anthropometry, sex, race, and fitness) that influence cold tolerance are also reviewed. The impact of cold exposure on physical performance, especially aerobic performance, has not been thoroughly studied. The few studies that have been done suggest that aerobic performance is degraded in cold environments. Potential physiological mechanisms (decreases in deep body and muscle temperature, cardiovascular, and metabolism) are discussed. Likewise, strength and power are also degraded during cold exposure, primarily through a decline in muscle temperature. The review also discusses the concept of thermoregulatory fatigue, a reduction in the thermal effector responses of shivering and vasoconstriction, as a result of multistressor factors, including exhaustive exercise. \u00a9 2016 American Physiological Society.<jats:italic>Compr Physiol<\/jats:italic>6:443\u2010469, 2016.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140081","type":"other","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T06:01:32Z","timestamp":1450159292000},"page":"443-469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"John W.","family":"Castellani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Tipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90609-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1958.13.2.226","article-title":"Human physiological responses to a standardized cold stress as modified by physical fitness","volume":"13","author":"Adams T","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00683.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"R154","article-title":"Brain stem tonic inhibition of thermoregulation in the rat","volume":"247","author":"Amini\u2010Sereshki L","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.15.2.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2473-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2100.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Breath\u2010hold performance during cold water immersion: Effects of psychological skills training","volume":"77","author":"Barwood MJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Cold Injury","author":"Bass DE","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.6.2336"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"490","article-title":"Effect of cooling on H\u2010 and T\u2010reflexes in normal subjects","volume":"68","author":"Bell KR","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human power at subnormal body temperatures","author":"Bergh U","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1979.tb06439.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.46.5.885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"342","article-title":"Body temperature response to a long distance swimming race","volume":"6","author":"Bergh U","year":"1978","journal-title":"International Series on Sport Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1979.tb06417.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.6.2457","article-title":"Muscle temperature, contractile speed, and motoneuron firing rates during human voluntary contractions","volume":"73","author":"Bigland\u2010Ritchie B","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"779","article-title":"The physiological and subjective responses to rpeated cold water immersion in a group of 10\u201012 year olds","volume":"11","author":"Bird F","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sport Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.5.1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05118-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1984.tb00128.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1987.tb08277.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00051.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0115-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.6.2445"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198510000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.6.2387","article-title":"Effects of fitness, fatness, and age on men's responses to whole body cooling in air","volume":"71","author":"Budd GM","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1936.117.1.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.054973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/162.12.788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1960.sp006582"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1273711"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00499.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200301000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.3.939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000241641.75101.64","article-title":"Prevention of cold injuries during exercise","volume":"38","author":"Castellani JW","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.1.247","article-title":"Thermoregulation during cold exposure: Effects of prior exercise","volume":"87","author":"Castellani JW","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.1.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1948.155.2.179","article-title":"Effects of cooling onnerve conduction in a hibernator)golden hamster) and non\u2010hibernator (albino rat)","volume":"155","author":"Chatfield PO","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"990","article-title":"Changes in manual dexterity following short\u2010term hand and forearm immersion in 10 degrees C water","volume":"74","author":"Cheung SS","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00329.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026404101753113796"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.4.H1075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00268.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-197500720-00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044741"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1958.sp006071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews","author":"Coggan AR","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation","author":"Colin J","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1976.40.6.903"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.4.628","article-title":"Metabolic responses to submaximal exercise in three water temperatures","volume":"22","author":"Costill DL","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.5.1577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3522.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.47.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.6.2666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01201.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.1.191","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the contractile properties and muscle power of triceps surae in humans","volume":"55","author":"Davies CTM","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1975.tb10042.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196611000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240000284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","first-page":"564","article-title":"Epidemiology of U.S. Army cold weather injuries, 1980\u20101999","volume":"74","author":"DeGroot DW","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199111060-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00623-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000151551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the RTO NATO Factors and Medicine Panel Specialist Meeting on Prevention of Cold Injuries","author":"Ducharme MB","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(99)00046-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.6.2682"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025683"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1239-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(60)90004-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138208925001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138708966037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196901022800102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1990.70.4.963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.1.72","article-title":"Response to rest and exercise in the cold: Effects of age and aerobic fitness","volume":"76","author":"Falk B","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199611000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(95)00071-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00717947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1968.24.2.167","article-title":"Physiological responses of men during sleep deprivation","volume":"24","author":"Fiorica V","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00197.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-872963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0910627"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.1.R349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Nutritional Needs in Cold and in High\u2010Altitude Environments","author":"Freund BJ","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1940.131.1.93","article-title":"Standard operative temperature. A generalized temperature scale. Applicable to direct and partitional calorimetry","volume":"131","author":"Gagge AP","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology: Environmental Physiology","author":"Gagge AP","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0610463"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199709000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1998.sp004125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.654"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-003-0159-1","article-title":"Face cooling by cold wind in walking subjects","volume":"47","author":"Gavhed D","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1958.12.3.373","article-title":"Effect on complex manual performance of cooling the body while maintaining the hands at normal temperatures","volume":"12","author":"Gaydos HF","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","first-page":"968","article-title":"Isolated effects of peripheral arm and central body cooling on arm performance","volume":"66","author":"Giesbrecht GG","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006857"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","volume-title":"Essentials of Sea Survival","author":"Golden F","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Shivering intensity in humans during immersion in cold water","volume":"277","author":"Golden FSC","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/jrnms-66-26","article-title":"Lean long distance swimmers","volume":"66","author":"Golden FSC","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Royal Navy Med Serv"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"A class experiment on immersion hypothermia","volume":"227","author":"Golden FSC","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016744"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp016965"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Human Performance Physiology and Environmental Medicine at Terrestrial Extremes","author":"Gonzalez RR","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.2.H321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(75)90080-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02691277"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510395497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"The role of the frontal areas of the cortex upon habituation in man","volume":"24","author":"Griffin JP","year":"1963","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"41","author":"Grisanti JM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/h06-076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00427.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00773.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1975.tb03028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5272.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/14.5.614"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_121_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"The hand in the cold, performance and risk","author":"Havenith G","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arctic Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_122_1","first-page":"206","article-title":"Physiological responses and survival time prediction for humans in ice\u2010water","volume":"55","author":"Hayward JS","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y75-002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.1.202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(94)00004-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013700"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.5.702","article-title":"Metabolic and thermal response to swimming in water at varying temperatures","volume":"37","author":"Holmer I","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.5.1084","article-title":"Thermogenic control during exercise in a cold environment","volume":"47","author":"Hong S","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_129_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"The Physican's Guide to Diving Medicine","author":"Hong SK","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198101000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1955.8.2.145","article-title":"Metabolic responses of old people to a cold environment","volume":"8","author":"Horvath SM","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1139\/cjms52-047","article-title":"The relation between joint stiffness upon exposure to cold and the characteristics of synovial fluid","volume":"30","author":"Hunter J","year":"1952","journal-title":"Can J Med Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(92)90008-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1331770"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_135_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Decreased vascular sensitivity after acute exercise and chronic exercise training in rat thoracic aorta","volume":"93","author":"Izawa T","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00426295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0986-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00048.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)92716-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1964.19.6.1145","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to ice\u2010cold showers","volume":"19","author":"Keatinge WR","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1965.20.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00135.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1079-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.2.512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00776603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_147_1","volume-title":"Man in the Cold","author":"LeBlanc J.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_148_1","first-page":"553","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics","author":"Lounsbury DS","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0690-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1923.sp002052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_151_1","first-page":"1vii","article-title":"Effects of bulbar anemia on respiratory movements","volume":"59","author":"Lumsden T","year":"1924","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.193458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0670445"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489009122535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_155_1","first-page":"947","article-title":"Postural sway during single and repeated cold exposures","volume":"76","author":"Makinen TM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00281-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y81-125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0770245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_159_1","first-page":"374","article-title":"Reduced cerbral perfusion on sudden immersion in ice water: A possible cause of drowning","volume":"78","author":"Mantoni T","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-261350-0.50023-5","volume-title":"Environmental Stress: Individual Human Adaptations","author":"Matsui H","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.6.1565"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1976.40.1.85","article-title":"Metabolic and cardiovascular adjustment to work in air and water at 18, 25, and 33\u00b0C","volume":"40","author":"McArdle WD","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.6.1572"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_164_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Muscle Fatigue and Recovery in Cold Environment. Environmental Ergonomics IX","author":"Meigal A","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1946.02870300014004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.35.2.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2038-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1416-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-013-0633-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.36.4.465"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_172_1","unstructured":"National Weather Service. Windchill Temperature Index. Office of Climate Water and Weather Services 2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4565(93)90058-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2002.92.1.354"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.08.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09494.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_179_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Stretch\u2010 and H\u2010reflexes of the lower leg during whole body cooling and local warming","volume":"71","author":"Oksa J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_180_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"Adrenergic desensitization and alterations in free and conjugated catecholamines during prolonged physical strain and energy deficiency","volume":"7","author":"Opstad PK","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biog Amines"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-10-1453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62032-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_183_1","first-page":"292","volume-title":"Endurance in Sport","author":"Pandolf KB","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_184_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Decrease in body insulation with exercise in cool water","volume":"11","author":"Park YS","year":"1984","journal-title":"Undersea Biomed Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.3.902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.3.1021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198410000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198810001-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0920-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0919s.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(93)90262-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(55)92454-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91227-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5480.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5548.333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01051082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1970.29.4.417"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ReadingJE RobertsDE PrusaczykWK.Gender differences in finger temperatures during cold air exposure. Technical Report 97\u201037 Naval Health Reseach Center San Diego CA1997.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA359127"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2014.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1962.17.6.961","article-title":"Physical insulation of Korean diving women","volume":"17","author":"Rennie DW","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_201_1","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Exercise Bioenergetics and Gas Exchange","author":"Rennie DW","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31890eb86","article-title":"Nutrition and athletic performance","volume":"41","author":"Rodriguez NR","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_203_1","first-page":"R272","article-title":"Muscle fiber activity in carp as a function of swimming speed and muscle temperature","volume":"247","author":"Rome L","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2373-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01094791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050434"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.4.1050","article-title":"Heat exchange during upper\u2010 and lower\u2010body exercise","volume":"57","author":"Sawka MN","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_210_1","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology, Section 4, Environmental Physiology","author":"Sawka MN","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.691bg.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_212_1","first-page":"956","article-title":"Warming by immersion or exercise affects initial cooling rate during subsequent cold water immersion","volume":"75","author":"Scott CG","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.229864"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.39.1.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-20137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.4.1305","article-title":"Neurogenesis, control, and functional significance of gasping","volume":"68","author":"St John WM","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.4.1008","article-title":"Identification of medullary loci critical for neurogenesis of gasping","volume":"59","author":"St John WM","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.280.4.H1496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00061.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/157.11.602","article-title":"Cold weather injuries during peacetime military training","volume":"157","author":"Taylor MS","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/50A.4.M216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1957.11.3.333","article-title":"Manual dexterity in the cold","volume":"11","author":"Teichner WH","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00643518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00244031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.3.1128"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01078.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_227_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"Prediction of survival time at sea based on observed body cooling rates","volume":"68","author":"Tikuisis P","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-5-717"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.4.1319"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_230_1","first-page":"742","article-title":"Prediction of human thermoregulatory responses and endurance time in water at 20 and 24\u00b0C","volume":"59","author":"Tikuisis P","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.2.719"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_232_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-1-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.621be.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)07273-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_235_1","first-page":"1192","article-title":"The influence of regional insulation on the initial responses to cold immersion","author":"Tipton M","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0770581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_238_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-3-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_239_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2700.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_240_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_241_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Supraventricular arrhythmias following breath\u2010hold submersions in cold water","volume":"21","author":"Tipton MJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperbar Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_242_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.1.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_243_1","first-page":"769","article-title":"Protection provided against the inital responses to cold immersion by a partial coverage wet suit","volume":"60","author":"Tipton MJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_244_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2012.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_245_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_246_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_247_1","first-page":"957","article-title":"Influence of clothing and body\u2010fat insulation on thermal adjustments to cold water stress","volume":"60","author":"Toner MM","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_248_1","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology: Environmental Physiology","author":"Toner MM","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_249_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.1.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_250_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.5.1355","article-title":"Thermal responses during arm and leg and combined arm\u2010leg exercise in water","volume":"56","author":"Toner MM","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_251_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808718"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_252_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11590520-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_253_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Physiological reactions to wet\u2010cold","volume":"46","author":"Vanggaard L","year":"1975","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_254_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.52.6.1557"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_255_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_256_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.50.2.363","article-title":"Effects of hypoxia on density of beta\u2010adrenergic receptors","volume":"50","author":"Voelkel NF","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_257_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.4.562"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_258_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_259_1","first-page":"R226","article-title":"Physiological responses to a cold, wet, and windy environment during prolonged intermittent walking","volume":"272","author":"Weller AS","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_260_1","first-page":"R2025","article-title":"Physiological responses to cold stress during prolonged intermittent low\u2010 and high\u2010intensity walking","volume":"272","author":"Weller AS","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_261_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050325"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_262_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp013013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_263_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1976.41.4.551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_264_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.170381"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_265_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00401.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_266_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0696-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_267_1","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Heat Transfer in Medicine And Biology","author":"Wissler EH","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_268_1","first-page":"459","article-title":"Heat transfer coefficients of humans in cold water","volume":"63","author":"Witherspoon JM","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Physiol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_269_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00984.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_270_1","unstructured":"XuX AminM SanteeWR.Probability of survival decision aid. T08\u201005 ADA 478 415 United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_271_1","first-page":"564","article-title":"Prediction of hand manual performance during cold exposure","volume":"113","author":"Xu X","year":"2004","journal-title":"SAE Transactions J Aerospace"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_272_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_273_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2004.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_274_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199001000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_275_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.4.1210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_276_1","first-page":"273","volume-title":"The 1997 Nagano Symposium on Sports Sciences","author":"Young AJ","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_277_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610739708254026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_278_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.3.793","article-title":"Metabolic and thermal adaptations from endurance training in hot or cold water","volume":"78","author":"Young AJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_279_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.4.1809","article-title":"Thermoregulation during cold water immersion is unimpaired by low muscle glycogen levels","volume":"66","author":"Young AJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_280_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.2.429","article-title":"Human whole\u2010blood oxygen affinity: Effect of temperature","volume":"57","author":"Zwart A","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["Comprehensive Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcphy.c140081","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cphy.c140081","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cphy.c140081","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cphy.c140081","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T02:21:57Z","timestamp":1718245317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cphy.c140081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"ISBN":["9780470650714"],"references-count":279,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cphy.c140081","10.1002\/cphy"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c140081","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]}}}