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Importantly, in such solvents, graphene cannot be exfoliated in the absence of the aromatic perylene diimide (PDI) dyes. The PDIs are physisorbed onto the basal plane of the nanosheet surface, which stabilized them in solution; the aromatic core lies flat on graphene and the PDI side groups influenced the physisorption strength and molecular packing. Upon varying just a single atom in the chemical structure of the side groups, significantly different exfoliation efficiencies were observed. The graphene\u2013PDI interaction was studied at the nanoscale by scanning tunneling microscopy and molecular dynamics, at the microscale by atomic force and electron microscopy, and at the macroscale by optical spectroscopy. Thanks to the high volatility of the chosen solvent, the nanosheets can be embedded in standard polymer composites through a simple solvent\u2010induced swelling procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201600503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]],"date-time":"2016-11-18T05:18:49Z","timestamp":1479446329000},"page":"358-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Exfoliation of Few\u2010Layer Graphene in Volatile Solvents Using Aromatic Perylene Diimide Derivatives as Surfactants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Liscio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOF CNR  via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna 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