{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T21:06:34Z","timestamp":1762981594020,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemPlusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>C.\u2005F. Wenzel was a chemist and an alchemist. He had deep knowledge of acids, bases and salts, and he was credited with the first formulation of the Law of Mass Action. Yet he was also an alchemist, who on the eve of the Chemical Revolution published his beliefs in transmutation and in the division of metals into their constituents, for which he was rewarded with the gold medal of the Royal Danish Academy of the Sciences. His promoter, Professor C.\u2005G. Kratzenstein, was himself a believer in transmutation, even if he voiced some reservations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202300091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T11:10:40Z","timestamp":1680001840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Alchemist, Metal\u2010Divider and Transmuter Carl F. Wenzel and his 1776 Award from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences through Professor C.\u2005G. Kratzenstein"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0874-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curt","family":"Wentrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. McKie Antoine Lavoisier H. Schuman New York 1952;","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-195306000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","unstructured":"H. Guerlac Lavoisier \u2013 the Crucial Year: The Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772. Cornell University Press Ithaca 1961;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_3","unstructured":"F.\u2005L. Holmes Antoine Lavoisier: The Next Crucial Year Princeton University Press Project Muse 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10698-017-9289-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"For Wenzel's biography seeAllgemeine Deutsche Biographie Vol. 41 Duncker & Humblot Leipzig 1896;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","unstructured":"M\u00fcnchener Digitalisierung Digitale Bibliothek; Carl Friedrich Wenzel Wikipedia; J. Ferguson Bibliotheca Chemica London 1954 Vol. 2 pp. 544\u2013545."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"J.\u2005F. Gmelin Geschichte der K\u00fcnste und Wissenschaften Vol. 2 G\u00f6ttingen 1798 p. 252."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"177","volume":"2","author":"Wenzel C. F.","year":"1790","journal-title":"Bergm\u00e4nnisches Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","unstructured":"C.\u2005F. Wenzel (posthumously) Neues Bergm\u00e4nnisches Journal1795 1 161\u2013168."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"C.\u2005F. Wenzel Einleitung zur H\u00f6hern Chimie welche die Zerlegung der K\u00f6rper in sich enth\u00e4lt Erster Theil (a second part (Zusammensetzung) was never published) H.\u2005H. Holle Leipzig 1773; the objects of the Higher Chemistry is those bodies which cannot be divided further by the ordinary chemistry."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"C.\u2005F. Wenzel Lehre von der Verwandschaft der K\u00f6rper Gerlach Dresden 1777."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"W. Ostwald Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Chemie 2.\u2005Auflage Band\u20052 Teil\u20052 Verwandtschaftslehre Engelmann Leipzig 1902\u20136 pp. 36\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"For treatises of affinity see Guyton de\u2005Morveau Affinit\u00e9inEncyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique. Chymie Pharmacie et M\u00e9tallurgie Tome 1 Panckoucke Paris\/Plomteux Liege 1786 p. 546;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","unstructured":"W. Ostwald Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Chemie Band\u20052 Verwandtschaftslehre Engelmann Leipzig 1887;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Carrier Die begriffliche Entwicklung der Affinit\u00e4tstheorie im 18.\u2005Jahrhundert inArchive Hist. Exact Sci.1986 36 327\u2013389 (p. 339).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00357248"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","first-page":"78","volume":"4","author":"Scheele C. W.","year":"1780","journal-title":"Crell\u2018s Chemisches Journal f\u00fcr die Freunde der Naturlehre"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","unstructured":"Scheele's comments were countered in part by C.\u2005F. Wenzel Chymische Untersuchung des Flu\u00dfspats Gerlach Dresden 1783."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ed027p56"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"For an early summary of Wenzel's work and its relationship to that of Jeremias Benjamin Richter see H. Kopp.Geschichte der Chemie Vieweg Braunschweig 1843\u20131844 Vol. 1 pp. 362\u2013365; Vol. 2 pp. 356\u2013359."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"R. Descartes Principia Philosophiae Elzevier Amsterdam 1644 1672 Part\u20054 p. 31\u2009f."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"J.\u2005C. Wiegleb Revision der Grundlehren von der Chemischen Verwandschaft der Koerper Keyser Erfurt 1780."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","unstructured":"G.\u2005L. Comte\u2005de\u2005Buffon Histoire Naturelle De la Nature seconde vue Tome 13 Amsterdam 1770 p. 1\u201310. Edition by J.-L. Lanessan Epoches de la Nature Vues de la Nature Tome II 1884 is available on Wikimedia."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","unstructured":"W. Ostwald Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Chemie zweiten Bandes zweiter Teil: Vewandtschaftslehre 2nd Ed. Engelmann Leipzig 1898\u20131902."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","unstructured":"R.\u2005P. Multhauf The Origins of Chemistry Oldbourne London 1966; H. Kopp Geschichte der Chemie Vieweg Braunschweig 1843 Vol. 1 p. 131."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","unstructured":"H. Kopp Geschichte der Chemie Vieweg Braunschweig 1843 Vol. 1 p. 171."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"W.\u2005R. Newman Newton the Alchemist Princeton University Press Princeton 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","unstructured":"G.\u2005E. Stahl Chymia naturalis et experimentalis oder Gr\u00fcndliche der Natur und Vernunft gem\u00e4sse und mit Experimenten erwiesene Einleitung zur Chymie Eysseln Leipzig 1720 p. 106."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"H.\u2005F. Geoffroy M\u00e9moires de l'Academie royale des Sciences 1718 p. 202."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","unstructured":"T. Bergman A dissertation of electrive Attractions 1785; 2ndEd. Frank Cass & Co Ltd. London 1970."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","unstructured":"C.\u2005L. Berthollet M\u00e9moires de l'Institut national Paris 1799;Ostwalds Klassiker der Exacten Wissenschaften Vol. 74 Engelmann Leipzig 1896."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","unstructured":"P. Waage C.\u2005M. Guldberg Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania Forhandlinger 1864 35;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","unstructured":"C.\u2005M. Guldberg P. Waage Etudes sur les affinit\u00e9s chimiques Br\u00f8gger and Christie Christiania 1867;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.\u2005M. Guldberg P. Waage \u201cConcerning chemical affinity\u201d J. Prakt. Chem.1879 19 69\u2013114;","DOI":"10.1002\/prac.18790190111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_4","unstructured":"Ostwald's Klassiker der Exacten Wissenschaften Vol. 104 Engelmann Leipzig 1899. pp. 126\u2013171."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","unstructured":"J.-F. Henckel Pyritologia oder Kie\u00dfhistorie als des vornehmsten Minerals J.\u2005C. Martini Leipzig 1725."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","unstructured":"J.-F. Henckel Pyritologia ou historire Naturelle de la Pyrite on y a joint le Flora Saturnisans translated from German by M. Charas H\u00e9rissans Paris 1760 Chapter\u20058 pp. 147\u2013152."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","unstructured":"G.\u2005E. Stahl Experimenta Observationes Animadversiones CCC Numero Chymicae et Physicae Ambrosius Haude Berlin 1731 pp. 137\u2013139 and 401\u2013403."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","unstructured":"I.\u2005L. ab\u2005Indagine Chemisch-Physicalische Nebenstunden Vierling Hof 1780 pp. 124\u2013126."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","unstructured":"G.\u2005C. Ittershagen Geheime Scheidung der Metallen und derselben Nutzbarkeit L. Schroeders Erben Braunschweig 1774."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","unstructured":"I.\u2005L. ab\u2005Indagine Bifolium Chemico-Physico-Mellallicum Johann Schreuder Amsterdam Leipzig.1771."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","unstructured":"G.\u2005C. Itterhagen Arsenik durch Kunst zu erzeugen in S.\u2005F. Hesse Ed. Allgemein n\u00fctzliches chemisch-physikalisches Mancherlei Sigismund Friedrich Hesse Berlin 1781 vol. 1 pp. 188\u2013191."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","unstructured":"J. Kunckels\u2005von\u2005L\u00f6wenstern Collegium Physico-Chemicum Experimentale Oder Laboratorium Chymicum Gottfried Richter Hamburg 1738."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","unstructured":"J.\u2005C. Wiegleb Historisch-kritische Unteresuchung der Alchemie oder der eingebildeten Goldmacherkunst Hoffmann's Witwe und Erben Weimar 1777 new edition1794 pp. 258 and 257."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","unstructured":"C.\u2005F. Wenzel Chymische Versuche die Metalle vermittelst der Reverberation in ihre Bestandtheile zu zerlegen Gyldendal Copenhagen 1781."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","unstructured":"C. Nyrop Det Kongelige Frederiks Hospitals Apotekere Historiske Meddelelser Nicolai Bjerre F. Hendriksens Reproduktions-Atelier Copenhagen 1917"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_3","unstructured":"J.\u2005D. Cappel Dansk Biografisk Leksikon Ed. S. Cedergreen\u2005Beck 3rd Edition. Copenhagen 2014\u20132016."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","unstructured":"J.\u2005H. Pott Exercitationes Chymic\u00e6 R\u00fcdiger Berlin 1738."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","unstructured":"J.\u2005F. Meyer's precipitation of metals is described in H.\u2005W. Kels Onomatologia Chymica Practica oder vollst\u00e4ndig practisches Handbuch der Chemie Ulm 1791 p. 234."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","unstructured":"J.\u2005F. Meyer's interest in and attempts at gold-making are described inAlchymistische Briefe J.\u2005G.\u2005R. Andreae Ed. Schl\u00fcter Hannover 1767."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","unstructured":"A.\u2005S. Marggraf \u201cNonnull\u00e6 nov\u00e6 methodi Phosphorum solidum tam ex urina facilius conficiendi quam etiam eundem promtissime & purissime ex phlogisto & singulari quodam ex urina separato Sale componendi \u201d inMiscellanea Berolinensia ad incrementum scientiarum ex scriptis Societati Regiae Scientiarum exhibitis Vol. 7 Berlin 1743 pp. 324\u2013344 (337)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","unstructured":"Copper etching by P. Haas after drawing by Paul Ipsen 1791 CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_2","unstructured":"E. Snorrason C.\u2005G. Kratzenstein Professor Physices Experimentalis Odense Universitetsforlag Odense 1974;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_2","unstructured":"S. Splinter Zwischen N\u00fctzligkeit und Nachahmung: Eine Biographie des Gelehrten Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein (1723\u20131795) Peter Lang Frankfurt am Main 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","unstructured":"C.\u2005G. Kratzenstein Historia restitut\u00e6 loquel\u00e6 per electrificationem(History of speech restored by electrification) Copenhagen 1753."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","unstructured":"C.\u2005G. Kratzenstein in Crell\u2018sDie Neuesten Entdeckungen in der Chemie1781 3 86\u201388."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Gessinger Auge & Ohr de Gruyter Berlin 1994 p. 556f.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110872569"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bewi.200401034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","unstructured":"C. Molbech Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Historie Hostrup Schultz Copenhagen 1843."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","unstructured":"J.\u2005C. Wiegleb Geschichte des Wachsthums und der Erfindungen in der Chemie der neueren Zeit Friedrich Nicolai Berlin und Stettin 1790 Vol. 1 Part\u20051 p. 263."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","unstructured":"C.\u2005G. Kratzenstein (Hrn P**) Die Neuesten Entdeckungen in der Chemie1781 2 59\u201360."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","first-page":"103","volume":"8","author":"Kratzenstein C. G.","year":"1783","journal-title":"Die Neuesten Entdeckungen in der Chemie"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","first-page":"151","volume":"12","author":"Kratzenstein C. G.","year":"1784","journal-title":"Die Neuesten Entdeckungen in der Chemie"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","unstructured":"C.\u2005G. Kratzenstein Acta Literaria Universitatis Hafniensis H\u00f6pffneri Copenhagen 1778 pp. 197\u2013217."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","unstructured":"A. Lavoisier Histoire de l\u2018Academie des Sciences Paris 1770(published 1773) 73\u201382 and 90\u2013107."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","first-page":"136","volume":"10","author":"Kratzenstein C. 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Juncker Conspectus Chemiae Theoretico-Practicae Vollst\u00e4ndige Abhandlung der Chemie nach ihrem Lehr-Begrif und der Aus\u00fcbung darin Die Naturlehre\u2026.Vornehmlich nach Bechers und Stahls Grundlehren ausgef\u00fchrt und mit eben dieser wie auch anderen ber\u00fcmten Chemicorum Erfahrungen best\u00e4tiget werden. Aus dem Lateinischen ins Teutsche \u00fcbersetzt in Verlegung des Waysenhauses Halle Erster Theil 1749; Zweyter Theil 1750 Dritter Theil 1753."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","unstructured":"Crell'sAuswahl aller eigenth\u00fcmlichen Abhandlungen und Beobachtungen aus den neuesten Entdeckungen in der Chemie 1786 4 279."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","unstructured":"J.\u2005C. Wiegleb Geschichte des Wachsthums und der Erfindungen in der Chemie der neueren Zeit Friedrich Nicolai Berlin und Stettin 1791 vol. 2 pp. 22\u201323 301\u2013303 329\u2013330."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_12_63_1.1","unstructured":"C.\u2005C.\u2005A. Gosch Bem\u00e6rkninger til Hr Professor Panums Bidrag til Kundskab om vort medicinske Fakultets Historie Jespersens Forlag Copenhagen 1881 pp. 58-107 (especially pp. 91-100)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_12_63_1.2","unstructured":"A.\u2005M. Klosa Johann Christian Wiegleb (1732-1800) Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart 2009 p. 258-260."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","unstructured":"Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung Jena 1794 p. 463."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_2","unstructured":"K.\u2005A. Kortum der Arzneiwiss. Doktor und Arzt in Bochum Verteidiget die Alchimie gegen die Einw\u00fcrfe einiger neuen Schriftsteller besonders des Herrn Wieglebs Helwingschen Universit\u00e4ts-Buchhandlung Duisburg 1789;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_2","unstructured":"Noch ein paar Worte \u00fcber Alchemie und Wiegleb. Oder erster Anhang der Vertheidigung der Alchemie wider die Einw\u00fcrfe der neuesten Gegner Helwing Duisburg 1791."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","unstructured":"Der Hermetische Gesellschaft [J.\u2005F. B\u00e4hrens K.\u2005A. Kortum] Kaiserlich Priviligierter Reichsanzeiger 8.\u2005October 1796 6093\u20136096."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_2","unstructured":"H. Kopp Ueber den Verfall der Alchemie und die hermetiche Gesellschaft inDenkschriften der Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kunst in Giessen Vol. 1 Issue 1 1845 https:\/\/core.ac.uk;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_2","unstructured":"H. Kopp Die Alchemie in der \u00e4lterer und neuerer Zeit Carl Winters Universit\u00e4tsbuchhandlung Heidelberg 1886 Part II pp. 290\u2013303."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","unstructured":"K.\u2005K. Doberer The Goldmakers 10 000 Years of Alchemy (E.\u2005W. Dickes transl.) Nicholson and Watson London 1948."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_2","unstructured":"A. Lavoisier Histoire de l\u2018Academie des Sciences Paris 1783(published 1786) 505\u2013537;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_2","unstructured":"An essay on phlogiston and the constitution of acids. A new edition. By R. Kirwan Esq. Member of the Academies of Stockholm Upsal Dijon Dublin Philadelphia Manchester &c. To which are added notes exhibiting and defending the antiphlogistic theory; and annexed to the French edition of this work; by Messrs. de Morveau Lavoisier de la Place Monge Berthollet and de Fourcroy: translated into English. With additional remarks and replies by the author J. Johnson London 1789;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_2","unstructured":"E. Peart The Anti-Phlogistic Doctrine of M Lavoisier Critically Examined and Demonstratively Confuted \u2026to which is added An Appendix consisting of stricture on Dr Priestey's Experiments on the Generation of Air from Water \u2026 W. Miller London 1795."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_2","unstructured":"Guyton de\u2005Morveau Journal de Physique de l\u2032Abb\u00e9 Rozier 1782 370\u2013382;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_2","unstructured":"L.\u2005B. Guiton\u2005de\u2005Morveau A. Lavoisier J.-.\u2005C. Berthollet A.-F. Fourcroy M\u00e9thode de Nomenclature Chimique Cuchet Paris 1787;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_2","unstructured":"A. Lavoisier Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de Chimie Cuchet Paris 1789."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","unstructured":"T.\u2005S. Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 2nd. Ed. University of Chicago Press Chicago 1962 p. 94;"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_2","unstructured":"I.\u2005B. 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