{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:17:30Z","timestamp":1784229450839,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["336864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["336864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemPlusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Corrosion is a challenge for the conservation of musical instruments when metal parts are exposed to organic materials of the instrument's body. In long\u2010term observations in the Norwegian Museum of Music, Ringve and Rockheim (Museums of Southern Tr\u00f8ndelag), local contact corrosion is documented on metal strings of plucked instruments when mounted close to cellulose nitrate (CN). The investigated strings are iron\u2010based alloys, in some cases covered with a tin coating. In the gas mixture emitted from CN, the presence of corrosive compounds, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and carboxylic acids, is confirmed by an electrochemical NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010sensor and gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry. The corrosion product on the strings consists of iron oxide nitrate hydroxide hydrate, Fe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)O(OH)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>(H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O), and goethite, <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010FeOOH, detected with X\u2010ray diffraction, Raman, and infrared spectroscopy. X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy, used to investigate the surface of tin\u2010coated corrosion products, showed the presence of adsorbed organic nitrogen. The formation of corrosion products is dominated by organic acids and moisture. The presence of nitrate in the corrosion product proves the involvement of nitrogen oxides in the corrosion mechanism. This analytical study highlights a dilemma for preserving material combinations in musical instruments and provides a basis for further research in conservation practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202500099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T13:02:51Z","timestamp":1746622971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Corrosion of Steel Strings on Historical Musical Instruments Triggered by the Emissions of Degrading Cellulose Nitrate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5438-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera Milena","family":"de Bruyn\u2010Ouboter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Museum of Music Ringve and Rockheim (Museums of Southern Tr\u00f8ndelag)  Lade All\u00e9 60 7041 Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering NTNU \u2010 Norwegian University of Science and Technology  7491 Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0725-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hartmut","family":"Kutzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Cultural History University of Oslo  Postboks 6762 St, Olavs plass 0130 Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannen Thora Lea","family":"Sait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering NTNU \u2010 Norwegian University of Science and Technology  7491 Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7474-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Friis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum University of Oslo  Postboks 1172, Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6151-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Krzywiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Silesian University of Technology  44\u2010100 Gliwice Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Erbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering NTNU \u2010 Norwegian University of Science and Technology  7491 Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Banjo mandolin RMT 7212023 https:\/\/digitaltmuseum.no\/011022848592\/banjo\u2010mandolin(accessed: February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Knipseinstrument RMT 66\u2010232024 https:\/\/digitaltmuseum.no\/011022847407\/knipseinstrument (accessed: February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Gitar ROCK27252025 https:\/\/digitaltmuseum.no\/011022859358\/gitar(accessed: February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2007.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Praktisches Handbuch Der Klavierkonstruktion","author":"Fenner K.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"The Physics of Musical Instruments","author":"Fletcher N. H.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"S.Birkett P.Poletti Proc. of the harmoniques Int. Congress Bern2004 pp.259\u2013272."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"M. G.Durier L.Villiaume R.Pires Y.Cotrebil E.Vega A.Houssay J.\u2010C.Battault M.Vion C.Clarke I.Guillot P.Dillmann S.Vaiedelich inMetal 2019 Proc. of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM\u2010CC Metals Working Group Haute Ecole Arc Conservation\u2010Restauration (HE\u2010Arc CR) Neuch\u00e2tel Switzerland2019 pp.49\u201357."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Trothzichm\u00fcll","author":"D\u00fcrer Albrecht"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Schauplatz Der K\u00fcnste und Handwerke","author":"Germain de C.","year":"1790"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"57","volume":"8","author":"Huber A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Restauratorenbl\u00e4tter"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/841864"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"The Metallurgy of 17th and 18th Century Music Wire","author":"Goodway M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Three Centuries of Harpsichord Making","author":"Hubbard F.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2016.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00702552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Carbon and Alloy Steels","author":"Davis J. R.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.51.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Advances in Materials Science Research","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez de la Ossa M. \u00c1.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Plastics in Art. A Study from the Conservation Point of View","author":"Waentig F.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Cellulose Nitrate in Conservation","author":"Selwitz C.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2011.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99058-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-020-00373-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-3057(90)90218-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.50477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.02.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15204056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16124239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118762134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"1","volume":"41","author":"Corvo F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1838042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"Materials for Conservation: Organic Consolidants, Adhesives and Coatings","author":"Horie C. V.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15040852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","first-page":"1058","volume":"9","author":"Bourazmi H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater.Environ. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","unstructured":"G.Eggert R.Kuiter C.Korenberg J.Ziegler S.Bette J.Stelzner inMetal 2019 Proc. of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM\u2010CC Metals Working Group Haute Ecole Arc Conservation\u2010Restauration (HE\u2010Arc CR) Neuch\u00e2tel Switzerland2019 pp.125\u2013131."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"Williams R. S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"CCI Notes"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00393630.2016.1150411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","volume-title":"Metals and Corrosion: a Handbook for the Conservation Professional","author":"Selwyn L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.13.492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.04.226"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. M.de Bruyn\u2010Ouboter H.Kutzke S. T. L.Sait H.Friis M.Krzywiecki A.Erbe Raw Data: Corrosion of Steel Strings of Historical Musical Instruments Triggered by the Emissions of Degrading Cellulose Nitrate Zenodo2025https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14852801.","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202500099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/47\/50\/505202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","unstructured":"Folkehelseinstituttet Nitrogendioksid2020https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/kl\/luftforurensninger\/luftkvalitet\/temakapitler\/nitrogendioksid2\/ (accessed: January 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-938X(94)00136-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.201609247"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9017103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/323509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17509\/ijost.v4i1.15806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","unstructured":"John Wiley & Sons Inc. Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate \u2010 ATR\u2010IR \u2010 Spectrum \u2010 SpectraBase2025 https:\/\/spectrabase.com\/spectrum\/K63V7v4Xdta(accessed: February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02331786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17458080.2011.616541"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","unstructured":"B. A.Price B.Pretzel S.Quillen Lomax Infrared and Raman Users Group Spectral Database IRUG2007 www.irug.org(accessed: February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2019.22922"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2017.20302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1682170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","unstructured":"John Wiley & Sons Inc. Iron(III)nitrate nonahydrate \u2010 Raman \u2010 Spectrum \u2013 SpectraBase2025 https:\/\/spectrabase.com\/spectrum\/FRwzSe603hA (accessed: February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4555(200101)32:1<17::AID-JRS658>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2765"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","unstructured":"John Wiley & Sons Inc. Goethite \u2010 Raman \u2010 Spectrum \u2010 SpectraBase2025 https:\/\/spectrabase.com\/spectrum\/CnzAUo4e9As(accessed: February 2025)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.10.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/6.0003804"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","unstructured":"Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc Iron | XPS Periodic Table \u2010 NO https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/uk\/en\/home\/materials\u2010science\/learning\u2010center\/periodic\u2010table\/transition\u2010metal\/iron.html (accessed: January 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","unstructured":"C. D.Wagner A. V.Naumkin A.Kraut\u2010Vass J. W.Allison C. J.Powell J. R.RumbleJr. NIST Standard Reference Database 20 Version 3.42003 http:\/srdata.nist.gov\/xps\/(accessed: February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ed070p25"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030522"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","volume-title":"Lehrbuch Der Anorganischen Chemie","author":"Holleman A. F.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","first-page":"331","volume":"46","author":"Jablonsky M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cellul. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","volume-title":"The Museum Environment","author":"Thomson G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.2006.51.Supplement-1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1975.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","unstructured":"Memori2021 https:\/\/memori.nilu.no(accessed: April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00393630.2024.2351761"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1999.44.4.217"}],"container-title":["ChemPlusChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cplu.202500099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T17:13:21Z","timestamp":1760375601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cplu.202500099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cplu.202500099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cplu.202500099","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-6506","2192-6506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-6506","type":"print"},{"value":"2192-6506","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e202500099"}}