{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:43:46Z","timestamp":1792089826996,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemPlusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In contrast to its European counterpart, Islamic papermaking is still little researched, especially in scientific and conservation contexts. This study presents the first in\u2010depth material analysis of a unique collection of Islamic\u2010African amulets and talismans from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, held at the Slovene Ethnographic Museum. This research employed a multi\u2010analytical approach that included pH measurements, analysis of fibrous materials, iodine test for the presence of starch, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), FTIR\u2010ATR, Raman spectroscopy, laser\u2010induced fluorescence (LIF), and laser\u2010induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), as well as cultural interpretations. Twelve selected manuscripts were examined to characterize paper, inks, dyes, and calligraphic features. The results showed the use of iron gall inks, plant\u2010based dyes, and mixed paper fibers (straw and softwood pulp), suggesting a mixture of local and imported materials from the colonial period. The calligraphic and decorative styles reflect a synthesis of orthodox Qur\u2019an and local West African Sufi traditions, often incorporating protective texts, magic squares, and regional variants of Kufic script. The findings shed light on technological aspects of Islamic manuscript production in West Africa and support the informed conservation, display, and interpretation of these culturally and spiritually significant objects. This research sets a precedent for comparative heritage studies and enhances the understanding of Islamic material culture in African contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202500433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T10:40:09Z","timestamp":1763635209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multianalytical Study of Amuletic and Talismanic Islamic\u2010African Paper Manuscripts in the Slovene Ethnographic Museum"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2870-9575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelrazek","family":"Elnaggar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heritage Science Lab Ljubljana Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Archaeological Science and Excavation Department Faculty of Archaeology Ain Shams University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend","family":"Mahgoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heritage Science Lab Ljubljana Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Maestro\u2010Guijarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica Blas Cabrera IQF\u2010CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Crespo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estructura de la Materia IEM\u2010CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Mar\u00eda Carmona\u2010Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica Blas Cabrera IQF\u2010CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estructura de la Materia IEM\u2010CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017diga","family":"Rehar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Slovene Ethnographic Museum (SEM)  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Kos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Slovene Ethnographic Museum (SEM)  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ameen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences University of Sharjah  Sharjah UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Frelih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Slovene Ethnographic Museum (SEM)  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matija","family":"Strli\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heritage Science Lab Ljubljana Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"UCL Institute for Sustainable Heritage University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Oujja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica Blas Cabrera IQF\u2010CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Castillejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica Blas Cabrera IQF\u2010CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Leiden Studies in Islam and Society","author":"Garcia M. A.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"179","volume-title":"The Magic of Amulets","author":"Constant H.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaarel\/LV.2.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"521","volume-title":"The Senses and Society","author":"Venetia P.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"From Prayer to Protection: Amulets and Talismans in the Islamic World","author":"Gruber C.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity, Chapter 4: Other Beliefs and Practices","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"The Power of Talisman Among Dagbamba Muslims in Tamale","author":"Shamhuna A.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"The Metropolitan Museum Accessed 5 May 2025.https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/452762."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Islamic Arms and Armor in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art","author":"Alexander D. G.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"The Metropolitan Museum Accessed 5 May 2025.https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/448298."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"416","volume-title":"Textes et Pratiques Magiques en Milieu Musulman","author":"Constant H.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Y.Al\u2010Saleh \u201cAmulets and Talismans from the Islamic World. The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2000 \u201d Accessed November 2010.http:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/toah\/hd\/tali\/hd_tali.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/shedet.2023.219498.1202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"H.Fernana \u201cTimbuktu Manuscripts: The Magic Square \u201d Accessed May 5 2025.https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/timbuktu\u2010manuscripts\u2010magic\u2010square\u2010hamid\u2010fernana\/?trackingId=xNeuz%2Fd02ahyTyBHNN%2Bm%2Bw%3D%3D."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"235","volume-title":"A Qur\u2019anic Amulet on Papyrus: P. Utah. ar 342","author":"Malczycki W. M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"Aga Khan MuseumTalismanic Chart Accessed May 5 2025.https:\/\/collections.agakhanmuseum.org\/collection\/artifact\/talismanic\u2010chart\u2010akm536."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494\u2010016\u20100103\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"17837","volume-title":"Class\u2010Mark: 14 Sinnat Taymour","author":"Unknown","year":"1851"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106722"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"Paper before Print: the History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World","author":"Bloom J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"The Materials, Techniques and Structures of Islamic Bookmaking","author":"Bosch G.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"An Art Technical Study and Examination of Mediaeval Islamic Paper Colouring Techniques","author":"Ebeid H.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2016.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-021-01403-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"M.Strli\u010dandA.Quye Ethical Sampling Icon Heritage Science Group survey report 20 November 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-021-00490-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Historical and Scientific Analysis on Sizing Materials Used in Iranian Manuscripts and Miniature Paintings","author":"Barkeshli M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"An Experiment in Dating Documents through the Analysis of Watermarks: The Letter \u2018P\u2019 in Incunabula of the Low Countries","author":"Ornato E.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494\u2010023\u201001114\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494\u2010018\u20100177\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.11.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z.Khan F.Shafait andA.Mian \u201cHyperspectral imaging for ink mismatch detection \u201d2013 12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)(IEEE 2013).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"R.Easton W.Christens\u2010Barry andK.Knox \u201cSpectral Image Processing and Analysis of the Archimedes Palimpsest \u201d19th EUSIPCO(Eurasip 2011)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. A.Christens\u2010Barry K.Boydston F. G.France K. T.Knox R.EastonJr. andM. B.Toth Camera system for multispectral imaging of documents Proc. Sensors Cameras and Systems for Industrial\/Scientific Applications X(SPIE7249 2009) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.815374. 27 January 2009.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.815374"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494\u2010024\u201001182\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accsounts.6b00048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c02835"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2009.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2005.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","unstructured":"Heritage Science Laboratory Ljubljana \u201cReference Material Collections \u201d Accessed October 27 2025 https:\/\/hslab.fkkt.uni\u2010lj.si\/reference\u2010material\u2010collections\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","volume-title":"Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry","author":"Miller J. N.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","unstructured":"ISO ISO 9184\u20101: 2023Paper Board and Pulps\u2014Fibre Furnish Analysis Accessed November 8 2025.https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/79506.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03094227.1991.9638394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/21540993-00801004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2014.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/157006799X00303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","unstructured":"B.Michaelle \u201cNew Strategies in Using Watermarks to Date Sub\u2010Saharan Islamic Manuscripts \u201d Accessed January 21 2023 https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9783110541441\u2010002\/pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Kostadinovska Z. J.Spirovska andT.Taylor \u201cA procedure for identifying cellulose fibers in paper artifacts \u201d Proceedings of the 4th International Virtual Conference on Advanced Scientific Results Vol.4(History and Archaeology 2016) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18638\/scieconf.2016.4.1.335.","DOI":"10.18638\/scieconf.2016.4.1.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mlblux.2019.100028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","volume-title":"Pulp and Paper Microscopy","author":"Isenberg I.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010016\u20109411\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2013.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","volume-title":"Traces of Ink: Experiences of Philology and Replication","author":"Rabin I.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.601339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/rest.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494\u2010018\u20100228\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage8070261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2021.103119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/rest.2008.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c01679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"FTIR Technique Used to Study Acidic Paper Manuscripts Dating from the Thirteenth to the Sixteenth Century from the Archive of the Crown of Arago\u0301n","volume":"26","author":"Ferrer N.","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Book and Paper Group Annual"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12115760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360\u2010023\u201003964\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2019.03.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c08163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13530194.2017.1410466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Talism\u00e1n Antropom\u00f3rfico Andalus\u00ed Y La \u201cCiencia De La Balanza\u201d Anthropomortic Talisman Andalusi and The Balance Science","volume":"2","author":"Manuel P\u00e9rez Rivera J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Atl\u00e1ntica\u2010Mediterr\u00e1nea"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Rahman GumaandK.Guma Hafez \u201cDesign Variations in Moroccan Calligraphy Composition \u201dAl\u2010Academy Journal Special Issue of the Twentieth Scientific Conference in College of Fine Arts(Baghdad University 2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35560\/jcofarts1398.","DOI":"10.35560\/jcofarts1398"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9789004170360.i-350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","unstructured":"J. N.Wilford \u201cProject Digitizes Works from the Golden Age of Timbuktu \u201d Accessed March 6 2025 https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/05\/20\/science\/20timb.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIST.2011.6148582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejars.2020.98963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","unstructured":"Al\u012b Ibn\u2010Mu\u1e25ammad al\u2010 M\u0101ward\u012b Al \u1e25\u0101w\u012b al\u2010kabir fi fiqh madhhab al\u2010Im\u0101m al\u2010Sh\u0101fi\u02bf\u012b Vol.13(D\u0101r ul\u2010Kutub al\u2010\u02bfIlmia 1994) 89\u201398."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"The Decipherment of Arabic Talismans","author":"Canaan T.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/187846411X566869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.GeorgeandJ. Y.Hardeberg \u201cInk Classification and Visualisation of Historical Manuscripts: Application of Hyperspectral Imaging \u201d2015 13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)(IEEE 2015) 1131\u20131135 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDAR.2015.7333937.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2015.7333937"}],"container-title":["ChemPlusChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cplu.202500433","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cplu.202500433","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cplu.202500433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T01:10:11Z","timestamp":1774228211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cplu.202500433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cplu.202500433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cplu.202500433","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-6506","2192-6506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-6506","type":"print"},{"value":"2192-6506","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e202500433"}}