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However, conventional catalyst preparation methods often suffer from drawbacks such as the production of metal\u2010containing waste effluents. In this study, flash calcined alumina (FCA) was employed as a support to synthesize four ozonation catalysts (\u03b3\u2010Al, Cu\u2010Al, Fe\u2010Al, and Ce\u2010Al) via a direct solid\u2010state mixing method with CuO, Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The structural properties and oxalic acid degradation performance of these catalysts were systematically investigated. The catalytic activity followed the order: Cu\u2010Al &gt; Ce\u2010Al &gt; Fe\u2010Al &gt;&gt; \u03b3\u2010Al, with Cu\u2010Al achieving a degradation efficiency of 90%. The superior performance of Cu\u2010Al is attributed to the optimal dispersion of CuO on the support, along with the efficient Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/Cu\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    redox cycle that promotes continuous \u00b7OH generation. In contrast, the Ce\n                    <jats:sup>4+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/Ce\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    redox pair exhibits higher reversibility than Fe\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/Fe\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , resulting in better catalytic activity of Ce\u2010Al. Moreover, FCA mixing method eliminates repeated calcination steps and avoids the generation of metal\u2010containing waste, while significantly reducing energy consumption, cost, and carbon emissions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.70221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:07:45Z","timestamp":1787695665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structure and Catalytic Performance of Aluminum\u2010Based Ozone Catalysts Prepared by a Direct Mixing Method"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Can","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and 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