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Conventional conservation approaches, such as immersion and spraying, introduce liquid media and additives that can disturb fiber microstructure and alter appearance. Here we report a dry, depth\u2010programable vapor\u2010phase molecular infiltration strategy for paper\u2010based cultural heritage conservation. Using diethylzinc as a precursor, we achieve either surface\u2010confined or depth\u2010controlled zinc incorporation within cellulose fibers by tuning exposure kinetics, yielding zinc\u2010modified Xuan paper (Zn\u2010X). At the molecular level, zinc coordinates with oxygen\u2010containing functional groups in cellulose, forming Zn\u2013O\u2013cellulose linkages that reinforce the cellulose network. This atomic\u2010scale modification, in synergy with the hierarchical fiber structure, imparts deacidification, hydrophobicity, improved mechanical strength, and antibacterial activity, while also reducing flame spread with enhanced char formation and post\u2010burn legibility\u2014all without compromising the original morphology and visual appearance. Furthermore, we demonstrate practical utility on a historical Qing\u2010dynasty manuscript, achieving increased hydrophobic protection with minimal color change and preserved text legibility. This work establishes a precise, minimally invasive, and multifunctional platform for the sustainable conservation of paper\u2010based cultural heritage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.70249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:49:45Z","timestamp":1790714985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vapor\u2010Phase Zinc Modification for Paper Artifacts: From Surface\u2010Enriched Shells to Subsurface Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Xingzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology &amp; Shanghai Key Laboratory of High\u2010resolution Electron Microscopy ShanghaiTech University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zirui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry College of Smart Materials and Future Energy State Key Laboratory of Porous Materials for Separation and Conversion Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology &amp; 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