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Gas plasma exposure to the water alters the water pH, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and NO\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (Combined NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2012<\/jats:sup>\n                    &amp; NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2012<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) concentrations. Gas Plasma (NO\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    and O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) achieved a 4\u20136 log reduction of bacteria within 16\u2009min, while PAW induced a 5\u20136 log reduction within 3\u2009days and reduced biofilm formation by 50\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21%\u2009~\u200940\u2009\u00b1\u20098.65%. These results show that bacteria, surface morphology, live\/dead and RONS imaging, and flow cytometry consistently demonstrate that biocompatible plasma treatment significantly controls oral pathogens. Plasma gas and both distilled and tap\u2010water PAW effectively inhibited\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with higher selectivity than that of other bacteria. This study highlights the potential of PAW as a novel, biocompatible strategy to mitigate the virulence of oral bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.70257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:20:37Z","timestamp":1790803237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioabsorbable Cold Plasma\u2010Generated Nitric Oxide Gas and Plasma\u2010Activated Nitric Oxide Water: Inactivation of Oral Planktonic and Biofilm\u2010Forming\n                    <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Sekar","family":"Ashokkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Nano Technology Gachon University  Sujeong\u2010Gu, Seongnam\u2010Si Gyeonggi\u2010Do Republic of 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