{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:33:18Z","timestamp":1793388798506,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemPlusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study presents an integrated, waste\u2010based route to produce chemically purified cellulose (CPC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and carbon dots (CDs) from\n                    <jats:italic>Tectona grandis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (teak) leaves. CPC was obtained by sequential dewaxing, chlorite bleaching, sulfite treatment, and alkaline extraction. CNFs were prepared by high\u2010shear processing and sonication, while CNCs were produced by controlled sulfuric\u2010acid hydrolysis. CDs, including sulfur\u2010 and nitrogen\u2010doped variants, were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization of leaf powder. Materials were characterized by proximate\/ultimate (elemental) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD), X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field\u2010emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy, UV\u2013vis\/fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering\/zeta potential\n                    <jats:bold>(\u03b6)<\/jats:bold>\n                    , and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Proximate\/ultimate analysis indicates the leaves are a suitable feedstock (C\u2009\u2248\u200940.42\u2009wt%, holocellulose\u2009\u2248\u200942.19\u2009wt%, \u03b1\u2010cellulose\u2009\u2248\u200918.18\u2009wt%). XRD analysis yields a CNC crystallinity index of \u224863.19%. Microscopy confirms rod\u2010like CNC morphology and nanoscale CDs. TGA shows thermal behavior consistent with a stable cellulose fraction, and preliminary antibacterial testing (\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was performed using the pour\u2010plate method. The presented water\u2010based procedures convert a combustible forest residue into value\u2010added nanomaterials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.70259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:11:01Z","timestamp":1791414661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Valorization of\n                    <i>Tectona grandis<\/i>\n                    Leaf Waste Into Cellulose Nanocrystals, Nanofibers, and S\/N\u2010Doped Carbon Dots"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4791-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiva","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus  Saharanpur Uttarpradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Patgiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus  Saharanpur Uttarpradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4251-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keshav","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus  Saharanpur Uttarpradesh India"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee  Roorkee Uttarakhand India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0539-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakshi","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus  Saharanpur Uttarpradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8112-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradip K.","family":"Maji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus  Saharanpur Uttarpradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101539"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.v33.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00108b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.11.613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2020.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c01219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b19738"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c00948"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TC02629J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D6CY00550K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.LANGMUIR.5C00961\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/LA5C00961_0009.JPEG"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA06149G"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC00845A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/crf3.v24.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA06799H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c03290"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c07289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c07849"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"A Chlorite Holocellulose, Its Fractionation and Bearing on Summative Wood Analysis and Studies on the Hemicelluloses","volume":"122","author":"Wise L. 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