{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:44:12Z","timestamp":1787168652168,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE025015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE025015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE017382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE017382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CP Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the leading cause of pharyngeal diphtheria, a respiratory disease characterized by formation of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Although outbreaks of\n                    <jats:italic>C. diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections are rare nowadays, the emergence of multidrug\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>C. diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains is one of the most significant public health concerns worldwide. Although\n                    <jats:italic>C. diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been studied for more than a century and diphtheria toxin and pili have been identified as major virulence factors, little is known about factors involved in bacterial colonization and development of disease. Here, we describe the utilization of\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a cost\u2010effective, versatile model of infection to evaluate\n                    <jats:italic>C. diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence. We provide detailed protocols for nematode synchronization and for evaluation of nematode survival and formation of a deformed anal region induced by\n                    <jats:italic>C. diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. These protocols will permit future high\u2010throughput screenings of virulence factors in\n                    <jats:italic>C. diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and advance our knowledge of\n                    <jats:italic>C. diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis. \u00a9 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Synchronization of nematodes\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Assay for nematode survival following\n                    <jats:italic>C. diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 3<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Assays for bacterial colonization and formation of deformed anal region\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T09:27:21Z","timestamp":1594632441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["<i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae<\/i>\n                    Virulence Analyses Using a\n                    <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>\n                    Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry University of California  Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung","family":"Ton\u2010That","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry University of California  Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.041613098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/77.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Broadway M. M.(2010).Molecular basis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae virulence and infection in the Caenorhabditis elegans model host. (Masters of Science MS) University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX. (AVT 204597)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00500-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"2058","article-title":"A disease model of muscle necrosis caused by Aeromonas dhakensis infection in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"7","author":"Chen P. L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","article-title":"Evaluating virulence and pathogenesis of Aeromonas infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans model","volume":"142","author":"Chen Y. 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